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Browsing by Subject "child health"
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Item Dirty hands on troubled waters: Sanitation, access to water and child health in Ethiopia(Wiley, 2019-11) Manalew, Wondimu S.; Tennekoon, Vidhura S.; Economics, School of Liberal ArtsIn this paper, we investigate the impact of access to drinking water sources and sanitation facilities on the incidence of diarrheal diseases among children below 5 years of age in Ethiopia using the propensity score matching technique with a polychotomous treatment variable. We find that among the water sources traditionally considered as improved, only water piped into dwelling, yard or plot leads to a large percentage point reduction in diarrhea incidence. The other water sources, generally believed as clean, are not effective in reducing diarrhea even compared with some of the unimproved water sources. We also find that some unimproved water sources and sanitation facilities are less inferior than they are believed to be. These results suggest that the traditional way of categorizing different types of improved and unimproved water sources and sanitation facilities into a dichotomous variable, “improved” or “unimproved”, could be misleading as it masks the heterogeneous effects of the water sources and the sanitation facilities.Item Practice patterns to decrease myopia progression differ among paediatric ophthalmologists around the world(BMJ, 2020) Leshno, Ari; Farzavandi, Sonal K.; Gomez-de-Liaño, Rosario; Sprunger, Derek T.; Wygnanski-Jaffe, Tamara; Mezer, Eedy; Ophthalmology, School of MedicineIntroduction Myopia is a worldwide epidemic. Plethora of treatments are offered to decrease myopia progression. In this study, we compared between different geographical areas worldwide the practice patterns used by paediatric ophthalmologists to decrease the progression of myopia. Methods Global responses to a questionnaire were analysed (n=794) for demographic variations. Pharmacological, optical and behavioural categories were defined as effective or ineffective based on the current scientific peer reviewed literature. Results Treatment rates varied significantly between geographical regions (mean 57%, range 39%–89%, p<0.001). Nearly all participants who treat myopia used at least one form of effective treatment, regardless of location (98%, p=0.16). Among those prescribing pharmacological treatments, European physicians offered the lowest rate of effective treatment compared with other regions (85% vs mean 97%). Rates of effective optical treatment varied significantly between locations (p<0.001), from 16% (Central-South America) to 56% (Far East). Most treating respondents advocated behavioural modifications (92%), between 87% (North America) and 100% (Central Asia). Nearly all respondents used combinations of treatment modalities (95%)—mostly pharmacological, optical and behavioural combination. However, combination rates varied significantly between regions (p<0.001). Discussion The utility of treatment to decrease myopia progression differs significantly across the world both in type, combination and efficacy. Conclusion Paediatric ophthalmologists involvement and proficiency in myopia progression treatment varies around the world. This may entail promoting continuous medical education and other incentives to increase the number and proficiency of paediatric ophthalmologist to have a more effective impact to control the myopia epidemic in children.Item Preventive Health Service Coverage Among Infants and Children at Six Maternal-Child Health Clinics in Western Kenya: A Cross-Sectional Assessment(Springer, 2022-03) Deathe, Andrew; Oyungu, Eren; Ayaya, Samuel O.; Ombitsa, Ananda R.; McAteer, Carole I.; Vreeman, Rachel C.; McHenry, Megan S.; Pediatrics, School of MedicineObjectives Despite the substantial reduction of child mortality in recent decades, Kenya still strives to provide universal healthcare access and to meet other international benchmarks for child health. This study aimed to describe child health service coverage among children visiting six maternal and child health (MCH) clinics in western Kenya. Methods In a cross-sectional study of Kenyan children who are under the age of 5 years presenting to MCH clinics, child health records were reviewed to determine coverage of immunizations, growth monitoring, vitamin A supplementation, and deworming. Among 78 children and their caregivers, nearly 70% of children were fully vaccinated for their age. Results We found a significant disparity in full vaccination coverage by gender (p = 0.017), as males had 3.5 × higher odds of being fully vaccinated compared to females. Further, full vaccination coverage also varied across MCH clinic sites ranging from 43.8 to 92.9%. Conclusions for Practice Health service coverage for Kenyan children in this study is consistent with national and sub-national findings; however, our study found a significant gender equity gap in coverage at these six clinics that warrants further investigation to ensure that all children receive critical preventative services.