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Browsing by Subject "alcohol use disorders"
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Item Excessive Ethanol-Seeking as Related to Impulsive Behavior as Measured by Delay Discounting(Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, 2013-04-05) Havard, Katharine A.; Beckwith, S. Wesley; Czachowski, Cristine L.The discounting of delayed rewards, a specific type of impulsive behavior, has been associated with alcohol use disorders. However, the way in which this characteristic is related to the genetic and behavioral paths which lead to high-drinking is a newly emerging area of alcohol research. Rodents selectively bred for extreme high vs. low alcohol preference have shown parallel patterns of delay discounting. This study investigated whether or not delayed discounting is preferentially related to ethanol-seeking vs. consumption. Alcohol preferring rats (P; n=5), High Alcohol Drinking rats (HAD2; n=15), and Long Evans rats (LE; n=11) were used and have previously been identified as high seeking/high drinking, moderate seeking/high drinking, and moderate seeking/moderate drinking, respectively. Six levels of delay (0, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 seconds) were assessed using a sucrose reinforcer. The average indifference points for each delay were then fitted to hyperbolic equations to yield a single parameter (k). An ANOVA for those values, along with post hoc testing, revealed Ps to have larger k values than both HAD2s and LEs. However, the HAD2s and LEs were not different from each other. A mixed ANOVA for indifference points showed a main effect of Delay (p<.01), Group (p<.01), and no group/delay interaction (p=.08). The main effect of group revealed the same pattern of findings for the indifference points as for the k values. Both the higher k values and the lower indifference points of the Ps indicate their steeper discounting in comparison to both HAD2s and LE. These results suggest that this measure of impulsivity could be associated with the quantity of ethanol-seeking, and not just with the inclination to consume ethanol. These results extend previous findings, and as all animals were ethanol naïve, these results support the idea that increased impulsivity is a characteristic that precedes addictive disorders.Item ssociations of Parental Alcohol Use Disorders and Parental Separation with Offspring Initiation of Alcohol, Cigarette, and Cannabis Use and Sexual Debut in High-Risk Families(Wiley, 2017) McCutcheon, Vivia V.; Agrawal, Arpana; Kuo, Sally I-Chun; Su, Jinni; Dick, Danielle M.; Meyers, Jacquelyn L.; Edenberg, Howard J.; Nurnberger, John I.; Kramer, John R.; Kuperman, Samuel; Schuckit, Marc A.; Hesselbrock, Victor M.; Brooks, Andrew; Porjesz, Bernice; Bucholz, Kathleen K.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of MedicineBackground and Aims Parental alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and parental separation are associated with increased risk for early use of alcohol in offspring, but whether they increase risks for early use of other substances and for early sexual debut is under-studied. We focused on associations of parental AUDs and parental separation with substance initiation and sexual debut to (1) test the strength of the associations of parental AUDs and parental separation with time to initiation (age in years) of alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use and sexual debut and (2) compare the strength of association of parental AUD and parental separation with initiation. Design Prospective adolescent and young adult cohort of a high-risk family study, the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA). Setting Six sites in the United States. Participants A total of 3257 offspring (aged 14–33 years) first assessed in 2004 and sought for interview approximately every 2 years thereafter; 1945 (59.7%) offspring had a parent with an AUD. Measurements Diagnostic interview data on offspring substance use and sexual debut were based on first report of these experiences. Parental life-time AUD was based on their own self-report when parents were interviewed (1991–2005) for most parents, or on offspring and other family member reports for parents who were not interviewed. Parental separation was based on offspring reports of not living with both biological parents most of the time between ages 12 and 17 years. Findings Parental AUDs were associated with increased hazards for all outcomes, with cumulative hazards ranging from 1.19 to 2.71. Parental separation was also an independent and consistent predictor of early substance use and sexual debut, with hazards ranging from 1.19 to 2.34. The strength of association of parental separation with substance initiation was equal to that of having two AUD-affected parents, and its association with sexual debut was stronger than the association of parental AUD in one or both parents. Conclusions Parental alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and parental separation are independent and consistent predictors of increased risk for early alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use and sexual debut in offspring from families with a high risk of parental AUDs.