Browsing by Subject "Water quality"
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Item Decentralization of River Basin Management: A Global Analysis(World Bank Group, 2005) Dinar, Ariel; Kemper, Karin; Blomquist, William; Diez, Michele; Sine, Gisele; Fru, WilliamDecentralization and increased stakeholder involvement have been major elements of water sector reform as ways to promote sustainable and integrated resource management particularly of river basins. Based on an analytical framework for relating decentralization and stakeholder involvement to improved river basin management, this paper infers several hypotheses about factors associated with greater or lesser likelihood of success of the decentralization process using data from 83 river basins worldwide. The results suggest that physical, political, economic, financial, and institutional characteristics of the basin do affect the process and the level of performance of the decentralization. In particular, the presence of water scarcity may be a stimulus to reform, uniting the stakeholders in the basin and leading to better performance; organized user groups push for the initiation of decentralization reforms but may be associated with costs to the process and difficulty of achieving decentralization; the existence of dispute resolution mechanisms supports stakeholder involvement and improves decentralization performance; where stakeholders accepted greater financial responsibility, complying with tariffs and contributing to the budget for basin management, the decentralization process and performance measures increased; basins with higher percentages of their budgets from external governmental sources benefited from better stability and support and it shows in the performance of the decentralization process.Item Decision 2020 Electing Indiana's Future: Addressing 21st Century Environmental Challenges(2020-09) Kharbanda, Jesse; McCabe, Janet; Frank, Indra; Hoffman, JillItem Institutional and Policy Analysis of River Basin Management: The Warta River Basin, Poland(World Bank Group, 2005) Blomquist, William; Dinar, Ariel; Tonderski, AndrzejThe authors describe and analyze the emergence of river basin management in the Warta River Basin of Poland. The Warta basin’s 55,193 km2 cover approximately one-sixth of Poland, and the Warta is a principal tributary to the Oder. Water management issues include pollution of the Warta and its main tributaries, prompting cities to rely on groundwater supplies that are beginning to show signs of overdraft, and growing problems of water allocation and scarcity as the basin urbanizes and industrializes. Since the end of the 1980s, the Polish government has been promoting decentralization, constructing a federal system that includes provinces, counties, and municipalities with authority over land use, water use permits, and environmental protection. Polish authorities have also established river basin management authorities corresponding to basin boundaries throughout the nation, including one for the Warta basin. The efforts toward decentralization and integrated water resource management in Poland have been earnest, but the dispersion of water policy authority across several levels of government, the establishment of basin authorities lacking power and funding to implement resource management programs, few arrangements for stakeholder participation, and delays in Polish water law reform have complicated the development and implementation of integrated management at the basin level. This paper—a product of the Agriculture and Rural Development Department—is part of a larger effort in the department to approach water policy issues in an integrated way. The study was funded by the Bank’s Research Support Budget under the research project “Integrated River Basin Management and the Principle of Managing Water Resources at the Lowest Appropriate Level: When and Why Does It (Not) Work in Practice?”Item Origin and Fate of Odorous Metabolites, 2-Methylisoborneol and Geosmin, in a Eutrophic Reservoir(2019-06) Clercin, Nicolas André; Druschel, Gregory K.; Jacinthe, Pierre-André; Filippelli, Gabriel; Moreno-Madriñán, Max Jacobo; Janga, Sarath ChandraTaste-and-Odor (T&O) occurrences are a worldwide problem and can locally have extensive socio-economic impacts in contaminated waterbodies. Tracing odorous compounds in surface waters or controlling the growth of producing organisms is particularly challenging. These approaches require the understanding of complex interactions between broad climate heterogeneity, large-scale physical processes such basin hydrology, lake/reservoir circulation, responses of aquatic ecosystems and communities. Eagle Creek Reservoir (ECR), a eutrophic water body, located in central Indiana experiences annual odorous outbreaks of variable durations and intensities that can impair its water quality. Two major compounds, 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin, have been identified as the main culprits occurring seasonally when the reservoir receives high discharges and nutrient loads from its main tributaries. Under these conditions, the growth of T&O-producing bacteria tends to take over other phytoplanktic organisms. Discrete samples collected within the water column during severe outbreaks in 2013 revealed that some bacterioplankton members belonging to Actinobacteria (Streptomyces) and Cyanobacteria (Planktothrix) were involved in the generation of T&O compounds. Most of this production occurred in the upper layers of the water column where higher abundances of key enzymes from MIB and geosmin metabolic pathways were detected. Application of a copper-based algaecide to curb the biosynthesis of bacterial metabolites led to geosmin production (linked to Cyanobacteria) being quickly terminated, whereas MIB levels (linked to Actinobacteria) lingered for several weeks after the algaecide treatment. Significant chemical differences in the association of these metabolites were measured in ECR. Geosmin was dominantly found cell-bound and settling after cellular death increases susceptibility to biodegradation in bottom sediments. MIB was mostly found dissolved making it less susceptible to biodegradation in bottom sediments. Genetic data identified Novosphingobium hassiacum and Sphingomonas oligophenolica (α- Proteobacteria) as potential degraders of geosmin and, four Flavobacterium species (Bacteroidetes) as potential MIB degraders. The role of Eagle Creek natural sediments in the removal of bacterial metabolites via chemical adsorption was also tested but was not proven efficient. Bacterial breakdown activity was demonstrated to be the major loss mechanism of MIB and geosmin.Item THE USE OF A MULTI-OBJECTIVE GENETIC ALGORITHM FOR CALIBRATION OF WATER QUALITY NUMERICAL MODEL OF EAGLE CREEK RESERVOIR, IN(Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, 2012-04-13) Agee, Elizabeth A.; Babbar-Sebens, MeghnaWater quality models used for water resource management require large amounts of input parameters, whose values may or may not be readily available. The calibration of these models involves the adjustment of several input parameters. The credibility of calibrated models is judged based on their agreement with actual data. However, calibration of water quality numerical models can be an exceptionally computationally challenging process. In this research, the Environmental Fluid Dynamic Code’s (EFDC) HEM3D water quality model was developed for the Eagle Creek Reservoir in order to model three algal groups (cyanobacteria, diatoms, and greens) as well as reservoir nutrient dynamics. A multi-objective genetic algorithm was then used for calibration by adjusting predetermined input parameters within a certain range and based on the model’s agreement with observed data in the reservoir. The genetic algorithm was parallelized to work across a network of machines and on multiple threads. This presentation will demonstrate the advantages of using such a parallelized genetic algorithm for efficiently calibrating computationally expensive numerical models.