Browsing by Subject "United States"

Now showing 1 - 10 of 75
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    The 2022 Global Philanthropy Environment Index United States
    (IU Lilly Family School of Philanthropy, 2022-03-30) Lenkowsky, Leslie
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    Access to Emergency Contraception After Removal of Age Restrictions
    (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2017-07) Wilkinson, Tracey A.; Clark, Porsche; Rafie, Sally; Carroll, Aaron E.; Miller, Elizabeth; Pediatrics, School of Medicine
    BACKGROUND: Levonorgestrel emergency contraception (EC) is safe and effective for postcoital pregnancy prevention. Starting in 2013, the US Food and Drug Administration removed age restrictions, enabling EC to be sold over the counter to all consumers. We sought to compare the availability and access for female adolescents with the 2012 study, using the same study design. METHODS: Female mystery callers posing as 17-year-old adolescents in need of EC used standardized scripts to telephone 979 pharmacies in 5 US cities. Using 2015 estimated census data and the federal poverty level, we characterized income levels of pharmacy neighborhoods. RESULTS: Of 979 pharmacies, 827 (83%) indicated that EC was available. This proportion did not vary by pharmacy neighborhood income level, nor was significantly different from the 2012 study (P = .78). When examining access, 8.3% of the pharmacies reported it was impossible to obtain EC under any circumstances, which occurred more often in low-income neighborhoods (10.3% vs 6.3%, adjusted odds ratio 1.5; 95% confidence interval 1.20-1.94). This was not significantly different from 2012 (P = .66). Correct information regarding over-the-counter access was conveyed only 51.6% of the time; accuracy did not differ by pharmacy's neighborhood income (47.9% vs 55.3%, adjusted odds ratio 0.89; 95% confidence interval 0.71-1.11) and was not significantly different from 2012 (P = .37). CONCLUSIONS: A majority of pharmacies have EC available; however, barriers to and disparities in access for adolescents persist and have not changed since the previous study despite regulatory changes that were designed to improve access to EC.
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    African American Muslim Congregations, 1913–2013
    (Oxford University Press, 2014) Curtis, Edward E., IV
    For nearly a century, African American Muslims have gathered for religious purposes in local voluntary religious associations that, like other American religious congregations, are a basic building block of U.S. society. Charting their long history, this article surveys the growth of Sunni, Ahmadi, Moorish, and other congregations from World War I until the present. The article argues that black-majority, black-dominant Muslim American congregations are affected by and respond to the same racial divide that shapes American religion as a whole.
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    African Americans Possessed High Prevalence of Comorbidities and Frequent Abdominal Symptoms, and Comprised A Disproportionate Share of Covid-19 Mortality among 9,873 Us- Hospitalized Patients Early in the Pandemic
    (Fortune Journals, 2024) Ashktorab, Hassan; Pizuorno, Antonio; Chirumamilla, Lakshmi Gayathri; Adeleye, Folake; Dalivand, Maryam Mehdipour; Sherif, Zaki A.; Oskrochi, Gholamreza; Challa, Suryanarayana Reddy; Jones-Wonni, Boubini; Rankine, Sheldon; Ekwunazu, Chiamaka; Banson, Abigail; Kim, Rachel; Gilliard, Chandler; Ekpe, Elizabeth; Shayegh, Nader; Nyaunu, Constance; Martins, Chidi; Slack, Ashley; Okwesili, Princess; Abebe, Malachi; Batta, Yashvardhan; Ly, Do; Valarie, Ogwo; Smith, Tori; Watson, Kyra; Kolawole, Oluwapelumi; Tahmazian, Sarine; Atoba, Sofiat; Khushbakht, Myra; Riley, Gregory; Gavin, Warren; Kara, Areeba; Hache-Marliere, Manuel; Palaiodimos, Leonidas; Mani, Vishnu R.; Kalabin, Aleksandr; Gayam, Vijay Reddy; Garlapati, Pavani Reddy; Miller, Joseph; Jackson, Fatimah; Carethers, John M.; Rustgi, Vinod; Brim, Hassan; Medicine, School of Medicine
    Background and aim: Identifying clinical characteristics and outcomes of different ethnicities in the US may inform treatment for hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Aim of this study is to identify predictors of mortality among US races/ethnicities. Design setting and participants: We retrospectively analyzed de-identified data from 9,873 COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized at 15 US hospital centers in 11 states (March 2020-November 2020). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was to identify predictors of mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Results: Among the 9,873 patients, there were 64.1% African Americans (AA), 19.8% Caucasians, 10.4% Hispanics, and 5.7% Asians, with 50.7% female. Males showed higher in-hospital mortality (20.9% vs. 15.3%, p=0.001). Non- survivors were significantly older (67 vs. 61 years) than survivors. Patients in New York had the highest in-hospital mortality (OR=3.54 (3.03 - 4.14)). AA patients possessed higher prevalence of comorbidities, had longer hospital stay, higher ICU admission rates, increased requirement for mechanical ventilation and higher in-hospital mortality compared to other races/ethnicities. Gastrointestinal symptoms (GI), particularly diarrhea, were more common among minority patients. Among GI symptoms and laboratory findings, abdominal pain (5.3%, p=0.03), elevated AST (n=2653, 50.2%, p=<0.001, OR=2.18), bilirubin (n=577, 12.9%, p=0.01) and low albumin levels (n=361, 19.1%, p=0.03) were associated with mortality. Multivariate analysis (adjusted for age, sex, race, geographic location) indicates that patients with asthma, COPD, cardiac disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, immunocompromised status, shortness of breath and cough possess higher odds of in-hospital mortality. Among laboratory parameters, patients with lymphocytopenia (OR2=2.50), lymphocytosis (OR2=1.41), and elevations of serum CRP (OR2=4.19), CPK (OR2=1.43), LDH (OR2=2.10), troponin (OR2=2.91), ferritin (OR2=1.88), AST (OR2=2.18), D-dimer (OR2=2.75) are more prone to death. Patients on glucocorticoids (OR2=1.49) and mechanical ventilation (OR2=9.78) have higher in-hospital mortality. Conclusion: These findings suggest that older age, male sex, AA race, and hospitalization in New York were associated with higher in-hospital mortality rates from COVID-19 in early pandemic stages. Other predictors of mortality included the presence of comorbidities, shortness of breath, cough elevated serum inflammatory markers, altered lymphocyte count, elevated AST, and low serum albumin. AA patients comprised a disproportionate share of COVID-19 death in the US during 2020 relative to other races/ethnicities.
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    Analysis of Heart Rate Variability in Male and Female Rats
    (Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, 2015-04-17) Ajayi, Tolulope O.; Santa Cruz Chavez, Grace; Schild, John H.
    Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. Quantitative measures of cardiovascular function are often essential to effective clinical interventions. The QRS complex is one such measure widely used by cardiologists. These analyses can involve subtle changes in the magnitude and time course of the QRS complex, to differences in the timing between successive heart beats. Electrocardiograms (ECG) are continuous recordings of the QRS complex at various locations across the body surface and provide a comprehensive measurement of the electrical activity of the heart. Knowledge obtained from investigating ECG signal characteristics can help the cardiologist diagnose possible health or cardiac abnormalities such as arrhythmias and can provide objective measures of heart health following injury such as myocardial infarction. Heart rate variability (HRV) can also serve as a reliable indicator of heart health and has been shown to be a strong indicator of mortality and morbidity following myocardial infarction. Unfortunately, very little is known concerning the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying HRV beyond the broader impact of the autonomic nervous system and associated neurocirculatory reflexes. In this research project, we first implemented several established methods for quantifying HRV in male and female rats such as calculating the power spectral density of a long time series of HRV measures, and calculating the standard deviation of the averages of all beat-to-beat intervals in the recording. These measures compared well to those in the literature supporting the accuracy and reliability of the Matlab scripts created to process these data. Simultaneous recordings of the QRS complex and femoral arterial pressure (BP) provided the opportunity to determine how well BP recordings could be used to quantify HRV. In addition, HRV measurements were compared across populations of male and normal, cycling (OVI) and ovariectomized (OVX) female rats in order to determine if HRV is sexually dimorphic. Mentors: John H. Schild, Grace Santa Cruz Chavez, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN
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    Avian influenza (Animal disease alert)
    (2002-06) United States. Department of Agriculture. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.
    Guidelines for preventing an outbreak of avian influenza in the American poultry industry. Includes pictures of infected birds.
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    Biosecurity for the birds. Avian influenza.
    (2004-06) United States. Department of Agriculture. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.
    Guidelines for preventing an outbreak of avian influenza in the American bird population.
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    Canada & United States. The 2022 Global Philanthropy Environment Index
    (IU Lilly Family School of Philanthropy, 2022-03-10) Badertscher, Kathi
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    Change Point Modeling of Covid-19 Data in the United States
    (Society of Statistics, Computer and Applications (SSCA), 2020-07-28) Zhang, Sheng; Xu, Ziyue; Peng, Hanxiang; Mathematical Sciences, School of Science
    To simultaneously model the change point and the possibly nonlinear relationship in the Covid-19 data of the US, a continuous second-order free knot spline model was proposed. Using the least squares method, the change point of the daily new cases against the total confirmed cases up to the previous day was estimated to be 04 April 2020. Before the point, the daily new cases were proportional to the total cases with a ratio of 0.287, suggesting that each patient had 28.7% chance to infect another person every day. After the point, however, such ratio was no longer maintained and the daily new cases were decreasing slowly. At the individual state level, it was found that most states had change points. Before its change point for each state, the daily new cases were still proportional to the total cases. And all the ratios were about the same except for New York State in which the ratio was much higher (probably due to its high population density and heavy usage of public transportation). But after the points, different states had different patterns. One interesting observation was that the change point of one state was about 3 weeks lagged behind the state declaration of emergency. This might suggest that there was a lag period, which could help identify possible causes for the second wave. In the end, consistency and asymptotic normality of the estimates were briefly discussed where the criterion functions are continuous but not differentiable (irregular).
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    Changes in insulin sensitivity over time and associated factors in HIV-infected adolescents
    (Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2018-03-13) Geffner, Mitchell E.; Patel, Kunjal; Jacobson, Denise L.; Wu, Julia; Miller, Tracie L.; Hazra, Rohan; Gerschenson, Mariana; Sharma, Tanvi; Silio, Margarita; Jao, Jennifer; Takemoto, Jody K.; Van Dyke, Russell B.; Dimeglio, Linda A.; Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study (PHACS); Pediatrics, School of Medicine
    OBJECTIVE: To compare prevalence of insulin resistance between perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV+) and perinatally HIV-exposed, but uninfected adolescents (PHEU), determine incidence of and contributory factors to new and resolved cases of insulin resistance in PHIV+, and evaluate glucose metabolism. DESIGN: Cross-sectional design for comparison of prevalence among PHIV+ and PHEU. Longitudinal design for incidence and resolution of insulin resistance among PHIV+ at risk for these outcomes. METHODS: The source population was adolescents from pediatric HIV clinics in the United States and Puerto Rico participating in the Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study, an ongoing prospective cohort study designed to evaluate impact of HIV infection and its treatment on multiple domains in preadolescents and adolescents. Insulin resistance was assessed by homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. Those with incident insulin resistance underwent 2-h oral glucose tolerance test and HbA1c. Baseline demographic, metabolic, and HIV-specific variables were evaluated for association with incident or resolved insulin resistance. RESULTS: Unadjusted prevalence of insulin resistance in PHIV+ was 27.3 versus 34.1% in PHEU. After adjustment for Tanner stage, age, sex, and race/ethnicity, there was no significant difference between groups. Factors positively associated with developing insulin resistance included female sex, higher BMI z score, and higher waist circumference; those associated with resolving insulin resistance included male sex and lower BMI z score. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of insulin resistance in PHIV+ and PHEU was substantially higher than that reported in HIV-uninfected nonoverweight youth, but similar to that in HIV-uninfected obese youth. Factors associated with incident or resolved insulin resistance among PHIV+ were similar to those reported in HIV-negative obese youth. However, a contributory role of HIV infection and/or its treatment to the incident risk of insulin resistance cannot be excluded.