Browsing by Subject "Trust"
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Item A trustless architecture of blockchain-enabled metaverse(Elsevier, 2023-03) Xu, Minghui; Guo, Yihao; Hu, Qin; Xiong, Zehui; Yu, Dongxiao; Cheng, Xuizhen; Computer and Information Science, School of ScienceMetaverse has rekindled human beings’ desire to further break space-time barriers by fusing the virtual and real worlds. However, security and privacy threats hinder us from building a utopia. A metaverse embraces various techniques, while at the same time inheriting their pitfalls and thus exposing large attack surfaces. Blockchain, proposed in 2008, was regarded as a key building block of metaverses. it enables transparent and trusted computing environments using tamper-resistant decentralized ledgers. Currently, blockchain supports Decentralized Finance (DeFi) and Non-fungible Tokens (NFT) for metaverses. However, the power of a blockchain has not been sufficiently exploited. In this article, we propose a novel trustless architecture of blockchain-enabled metaverse, aiming to provide efficient resource integration and allocation by consolidating hardware and software components. To realize our design objectives, we provide an On-Demand Trusted Computing Environment (OTCE) technique based on local trust evaluation. Specifically, the architecture adopts a hypergraph to represent a metaverse, in which each hyperedge links a group of users with certain relationship. Then the trust level of each user group can be evaluated based on graph analytics techniques. Based on the trust value, each group can determine its security plan on demand, free from interference by irrelevant nodes. Besides, OTCEs enable large-scale and flexible application environments (sandboxes) while preserving a strong security guarantee.Item African American patients' intent to screen for colorectal cancer: Do cultural factors, health literacy, knowledge, age and gender matter?(Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016-02) Brittain, Kelly; Christy, Shannon M.; Rawl, Susan M.; Department of Psychology, School of ScienceAfrican Americans have higher colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality rates. Research suggests that CRC screening interventions targeting African Americans be based upon cultural dimensions. Secondary analysis of data from African-Americans who were not up-to-date with CRC screening (n=817) was conducted to examine: 1) relationships among cultural factors (i.e., provider trust, cancer fatalism, health temporal orientation (HTO)), health literacy, and CRC knowledge; 2) age and gender differences; and 3) relationships among the variables and CRC screening intention. Provider trust, fatalism, HTO, health literacy and CRC knowledge had significant relationships among study variables. The FOBT intention model explained 43% of the variance with age and gender being significant predictors. The colonoscopy intention model explained 41% of the variance with gender being a significant predictor. Results suggest that when developing CRC interventions for African Americans, addressing cultural factors remain important, but particular attention should be given to the age and gender of the patient.Item Are leader-prototypical African Americans distrusted by their ingroup? The role of identity denial(2017) Cho, Thomas; Ashburn-Nardo, LeslieBlack representation in American business leadership ranks is not proportionate to America’s demographics. Previous research into this issue has mostly focused on the relationship between majority racial group and minority racial groups. However, research in identity denial and backlash shows that ingroup members may also play a negative role in undermining leadership efforts. African Americans may react negatively to a Black business leader because of the mismatch between negative stereotypes of African Americans and the positive prototype of a leader. The current study hypothesizes that resembling a business leader as an African American leads to negative reaction from other African Americans in the form of lowered trust, lowered endorsement as leader, and lowered intention to engage in organizational citizenship behavior. The current study also hypothesizes that participant’s ingroup identification level will act as a moderator, and that perceived racial identification will act as a mediator. To test the hypotheses, participants recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk were randomly assigned to either the strong match to leader prototype condition, weak match condition, or control condition in which no information about leader prototype was provided. The results revealed a simple main effect in which strongly matching the leader prototype led to lower levels of the outcome variables. The current study brings attention to an area of research that should be further explored and suggests that organizations should create interventions to counteract this negative ingroup effect.Item Dimensions of Colombian Philanthropy: How Giving is Linked to Social Capital(2012-06-20) Mendenhall, Susan Elizabeth; Burlingame, Dwight; Huehls, Frances A.; Thomson, Ann Marie, 1954-In recent years, social capital has emerged at the forefront of comparative research in the areas of philanthropy, community development and international aid. The predominant body of research has been conducted in the United States, Netherlands, and other Northern/Western contexts. From this body of knowledge, the academic community has begun to tease out how philanthropic traditions arise within and adapt to a given cultural context. Stemming from the assertions of Fukuyama, Putnam and Banfield, a theory has emerged that high levels of social capital is connected to high levels of philanthropic support (money and time), and low levels of social capital is connected to low levels of philanthropic support. This is to be expected since, theoretically, in cultures with less trust and civic behavior, there is a higher cost to giving and volunteering, and therefore people give less. Research conducted in American and Dutch communities suggests that a high level of philanthropic behavior is expected to be found in places where people share a high level of social capital (Putnam, 2000); that individuals who have more social capital in terms of access to social networks are more likely to be charitable (Brooks, 2005; Brown and Ferris, 2007); that a donor’s perception that a nonprofit organization is trustworthy affects his or her decision to give (Bekkers, 2003); and that an individual’s participation in different types of civic networks relies on varying levels of social trust (Uslaner, 2002). Colombia offers an interesting case study of the interplay between social capital and philanthropy because much is known about the Colombian citizenry’s propensity to trust and associate. Additionally, the incredible growth of nonprofits in Colombia and Latin America since the early 1990s has spurred an increase in qualitative research surrounding Latin American philanthropy.Item Entrustable professional activities framework for assessment in predoctoral dental education, developed using a modified Delphi process(Wiley, 2021) Ramaswamy, Vidya; Fitzgerald, Mark; Danciu, Theodora; Nalliah, Romesh; de Peralta, Tracy; Munz, Stephanie M.; Murdoch-Kinch, Carol Anne; Oral Pathology, Medicine and Radiology, School of DentistryPurpose/objectives: The purpose of this study was to define and develop a set of Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) for dental education using a modified Delphi consensus approach. EPAs define the core tasks that a graduating dentist needs to perform independently in practice. The EPA framework facilitates assessment of competencies as they manifest in the tasks and independence needed to be ready for practice. Methods: Feedback was obtained from participants about a list of EPAs, with modifications made after each of the 3 rounds, using a modified Delphi approach. Phase 1 included attendees at the ADEA Fall 2017 meeting (n = 35) who participated in an EPA workshop primarily composed of academic deans. The Phase 2 "reactor panel" consisted of 10 dental schools' academic deans and other individuals with expertise and interest in dental curriculum and assessment (n = 31). Phase 3 participants were attendees at the ADEA CCI 2019 meeting (n = 91) who also participated in a 2-day EPA workshop. Results: In phase 1, overall ratings for acceptability of the EPAs were satisfactory. In phase 2, the next iteration of EPAs was judged as satisfactory for inclusion in curriculum, match well with clinical practice and clarity. In phase 3, the EPAs were judged as satisfactory for being an "entrustable, essential, and important task of the profession." Qualitative feedback suggested wording, measurability, and specific focus of EPA statements is important. Conclusions: A preliminary set of EPAs was designed for predoctoral dental education through a systematic, careful consensus building approach involving a diverse set of participants.Item Health Care System Distrust, Race, and Surrogate Decision-Making Regarding Code Status(Mary Ann Liebert, 2022-10-27) Na, Sang Yoon; Slaven, James E.; Burke, Emily S.; Torke, Alexia M.; Medicine, School of MedicinePurpose: Previous studies have shown that black patients are more likely to prefer life-sustaining treatments such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation at end-of-life (EOL) compared to non-Hispanic white patients. Given prior racial disparities in health care, distrust has been proposed to explain these preferences. As many hospitalized older adults require surrogates to make medical decisions, we explored surrogates' code status preferences and the role of trust in these decisions. Methods: We conducted secondary analyses of an observational study of patient/surrogate dyads admitted to three hospitals in a Midwest metropolitan area. Distrust was assessed using the Revised Health Care System Distrust Scale. A single item asked the surrogate which code status they thought was best for the patient, full code or do not resuscitate. Results: We enrolled 350 patient/surrogate dyads (101 black; 249 white). In bivariate analysis, higher proportion of black surrogates preferred full code (62.4% vs. 38.3%, p=0.0001). After adjusting for trust and sociodemographic and psychological covariates, race was still significantly associated with preference for full code (adjusted odds ratio=2.13; 95% confidence interval: 1.16-3.92; p=0.0153). Surrogate race was not associated with distrust in bivariate or multivariable analysis, adjusting for sociodemographic and psychological covariates (p=0.3049). Conclusion: Although black race was associated with preferences for full code status, we observed no association between race and distrust. Differences in code status preference may be due to other factors related to race and culture. To ensure that patients are receiving EOL care that is consistent with their values, more work is needed to understand the cultural complexities behind EOL care preferences.Item The impact of relationship stressors on trust and pro-relationship behavior within adolescent romantic relationships: A systems approach(Elsevier, 2021) Matson, Pamela A.; Chung, Shang-en; Fortenberry, J. Dennis; Lich, Kristen Hassmiller; Ellen, Jonathan M.; Pediatrics, School of MedicinePurpose: Trust is an essential component of romantic relationships. It is not understood how youth respond to a relationship stressor, which may impact trust, such as perceiving to be at risk for a sexually transmitted infection or their partner has other sex partners. We used a system science approach to examine feedback between trust and prorelationship behaviors within adolescent relationships. Methods: A prospective cohort of clinic-recruited young women (N = 122), aged 16-19 years, completed daily questionnaires on partner-specific feelings and risk perceptions for 18 months. Relationship stressor defined as either perceiving the risk of sexually transmitted infection from a partner or partner had other sex partners. Prorelationship behaviors were more time spent with partner, sex with partner, and/or gift from partner. Time-lagged generalized estimating equation models were used to examine whether a relationship stressor is associated with a decrease in trust and whether prorelationship behaviors changed following the stressor. Results: Experiencing a stressor was associated with threefold increased odds of having a decrease in trust in the same week (odds ratio [OR] = 3.30, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.30-4.72). Trust increased significantly the week following the stressor (OR = 2.09, 95% CI: 1.54-2.85). An increase in trust relative to the week of the stressor was associated with a 65% increase in prorelationship behavior in the week following the stressor (OR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.20-2.26). Conclusions: Data uniquely show that trust is impacted following a relationship stressor and that youth increase prorelationship behaviors following a drop in trust. The findings suggest that adolescents prioritize maintaining trust, which may impact engagement in protective health behaviors.Item Management Basics: Trust: The Glue That Holds Partnerships Together(H.W. Wilson Company, 2004) Wiethoff, CarolynThe only way to make a man trustworthy is to trust him. Henry Stimson (1867 - 1950) Do not trust all men, but trust men of worth; the former course is silly, the latter a mark of prudence. Democritus (460 BC - 370 BC) Trust, or “an individual’s belief in, and willingness to act on the basis of, the words, actions, and decisions of another”, is one of the most important components of partnerships. Without it, groups experience suspicion, defensiveness, and harmful conflict. With it, partnerships can thrive as people comfortably come together to collaborate and share ideas openly. An understanding of trust—what it is, how it develops, and how it can be repaired—is important for anyone planning to partner with others.Item Managing trust and reliability for indoor tracking systems(2016) Rybarczyk, Ryan Thomas; Raje, RajeevIndoor tracking is a challenging problem. The level of accepted error is on a much smaller scale than that of its outdoor counterpart. While the global positioning system has become omnipresent, and a widely accepted outdoor tracking system it has limitations in indoor environments due to loss or degradation of signal. Many attempts have been made to address this challenge, but currently none have proven to be the de-facto standard. In this thesis, we introduce the concept of opportunistic tracking in which tracking takes place with whatever sensing infrastructure is present – static or mobile, within a given indoor environment. In this approach many of the challenges (e.g., high cost, infeasible infrastructure deployment, etc.) that prohibit usage of existing systems in typical application domains (e.g., asset tracking, emergency rescue) are eliminated. Challenges do still exist when it comes to provide an accurate positional estimate of an entities location in an indoor environment, namely: sensor classification, sensor selection, and multi-sensor data fusion. We propose an enhanced tracking framework that through the infusion of QoS-based selection criteria of trust and reliability we can improve the overall accuracy of the tracking estimate. This improvement is predicated on the introduction of learning techniques to classify sensors that are dynamically discovered as part of this opportunistic tracking approach. This classification allows for sensors to be properly identified and evaluated based upon their specific behavioral characteristics through performance evaluation. This in-depth evaluation of sensors provides the basis for improving the sensor selection process. A side effect of obtaining this improved accuracy is the cost, found in the form of system runtime. This thesis provides a solution for this tradeoff between accuracy and cost through an optimization function that analyzes this tradeoff in an effort to find the optimal subset of sensors to fulfill the goal of tracking an object as it moves indoors. We demonstrate that through this improved sensor classification, selection, data fusion, and tradeoff optimization we can provide an improvement, in terms of accuracy, over other existing indoor tracking systems.Item Multi-Stakeholder Consensus Decision-Making Framework Based on Trust and Risk(2019-05) Alfantoukh, Lina Abdulaziz; Durresi, Arjan; Al Hasan, Mohammad; Mukhopadhyay, Snehasis; Tuceryan, MihranThis thesis combines human and machine intelligence for consensus decision-making, and it contains four interrelated research areas. Before presenting the four research areas, this thesis presents a literature review on decision-making using two criteria: trust and risk. The analysis involves studying the individual and the multi-stakeholder decision-making. Also, it explores the relationship between trust and risk to provide insight on how to apply them when making any decision. This thesis presents a grouping procedure of the existing trust-based multi-stakeholder decision-making schemes by considering the group decision-making process and models. In the first research area, this thesis presents the foundation of building multi-stakeholder consensus decision-making (MSCDM). This thesis describes trust-based multi-stakeholder decision-making for water allocation to help the participants select a solution that comes from the best model. Several criteria are involved when deciding on a solution such as trust, damage, and benefit. This thesis considers Jain's fairness index as an indicator of reaching balance or equality for the stakeholder's needs. The preferred scenario is when having a high trust, low damages and high benefits. The worst scenario involves having low trust, high damage, and low benefit. The model is dynamic by adapting to the changes over time. The decision to select is the solution that is fair for almost everyone. In the second research area, this thesis presents a MSCDM, which is a generic framework that coordinates the decision-making rounds among stakeholders based on their influence toward each other, as represented by the trust relationship among them. This thesis describes the MSCDM framework that helps to find a decision the stakeholders can agree upon. Reaching a consensus decision might require several rounds where stakeholders negotiate by rating each other. This thesis presents the results of implementing MSCDM and evaluates the effect of trust on the consensus achievement and the reduction in the number of rounds needed to reach the final decision. This thesis presents Rating Convergence in the implemented MSCDM framework, and such convergence is a result of changes in the stakeholders' rating behavior in each round. This thesis evaluates the effect of trust on the rating changes by measuring the distance of the choices made by the stakeholders. Trust is useful in decreasing the distances. In the third research area, this thesis presents Rating Convergence in the implemented MSCDM framework, and such convergence is a result of changes in stakeholders' rating behavior in each round. This thesis evaluates the effect of trust on the rating changes by measuring the perturbation in the rating matrix. Trust is useful in increasing the rating matrix perturbation. Such perturbation helps to decrease the number of rounds. Therefore, trust helps to increase the speed of agreeing upon the same decision through the influence. In the fourth research area, this thesis presents Rating Aggregation operators in the implemented MSCDM framework. This thesis addresses the need for aggregating the stakeholders' ratings while they negotiate on the round of decisions to compute the consensus achievement. This thesis presents four aggregation operators: weighted sum (WS), weighted product (WP), weighted product similarity measure (WPSM), and weighted exponent similarity measure (WESM). This thesis studies the performance of those aggregation operators in terms of consensus achievement and the number of rounds needed. The consensus threshold controls the performance of these operators. The contribution of this thesis lays the foundation for developing a framework for MSCDM that facilitates reaching the consensus decision by accounting for the stakeholders' influences toward one another. Trust represents the influence.