IU Indianapolis ScholarWorks :: Browsing by Subject "Tobacco"

Browsing by Subject "Tobacco"

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A selective review of smoking cessation interventions in the emergency department
(Springer Nature, 2022) Pettit, Nicholas; Pope, Ian; Neuner, Bruno; Lash, Rebecca; Bernstein, Steven L.; Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine
Background: Emergency department (ED) patients disproportionally smoke compared to the general population and frequently utilize the ED for routine, urgent, and emergent care. Thus, the ED is a target-rich environment for interventions aimed at increasing smoking cessation, especially among vulnerable populations. Promotion of smoking cessation in the ED has the potential to address health inequalities and reach patients that experience significant barriers to accessing preventive care and lifestyle modifications. Topics of review: This narrative review presents a concise summary of the major smoking cessation strategies studied in the ED setting for adults, children, and pregnant ED patients. Additionally, this review presents the strategies to increase the uptake of smoking cessation in the ED, as well as an international perspective of smoking cessation efforts in the ED. Past and ongoing efforts to improve smoking cessation among ED patients are discussed, and critical knowledge gaps and research opportunities are highlighted. Conclusion: Smoking cessation is both efficacious and feasible during an ED visit, with multiple options available to both adults, children, parents, and pregnant patients. Little standardization among cessation strategies among EDs has been demonstrated, despite the ED being uniquely positioned to address disparities in smoking cessation and contribute towards national smoking cessation goals. During most ED visits, any health care team member can address ongoing tobacco use, and smoking cessation can easily be related to the context of the patient’s presenting complaint. To be effective, health care systems and teams must recognize the ED as a suitable location to engage with patients regarding their knowledge and awareness of ongoing smoking use, and are well suited to provide and initiate effective smoking cessation treatments.
Assessment of the dopamine system in addiction using positron emission tomography
(2014) Albrecht, Daniel Strakis; Hutchins, Gary D.; Saykin, Andrew J.; Kareken, David A.; Yoder, Karmen K.; Grahame, Nicholas J.
Drug addiction is a behavioral disorder characterized by impulsive behavior and continued intake of drug in the face of adverse consequences. Millions of people suffer the financial and social consequences of addiction, and yet many of the current therapies for addiction treatment have limited efficacy. Therefore, there is a critical need to characterize the neurobiological substrates of addiction in order to formulate better treatment options. In the first chapter, the striatal dopamine system is interrogated with [11C]raclopride PET to assess differences between chronic cannabis users and healthy controls. The results of this chapter indicate that chronic cannabis use is not associated with a reduction in striatal D2/D3 receptor availability, unlike many other drugs of abuse. Additionally, recent cannabis consumption in chronic users was negatively correlated with D2/D3 receptor availability. Chapter 2 describes a retrospective analysis in which striatal D2/D3 receptor availability is compared between three groups of alcohol-drinking and tobacco-smoking subjects: nontreatment-seeking alcoholic smokers, social-drinking smokers, and social-drinking non-smokers. Results showed that smokers had reduced D2/D3 receptor availability throughout the striatum, independent of drinking status. The results of the first two chapters suggest that some combustion product of marijuana and tobacco smoke may have an effect on striatal dopamine concentration. Furthermore, they serve to highlight the effectiveness of using baseline PET imaging to characterize dopamine dysfunction in addictions. The final chapter explores the use of [18F]fallypride PET in a proof-of-concept study to determine whether changes in cortical dopamine can be detected during a response inhibition task. We were able to detect several cortical regions of significant dopamine changes in response to the task, and the amount of change in three regions was significantly associated with task performance. Overall, the results of Chapter 3 validate the use of [18F]fallypride PET to detect cortical dopamine changes during a impulse control task. In summary, the results reported in the current document demonstrate the effectiveness of PET imaging as a tool for probing resting and activated dopamine systems in addiction. Future studies will expand on these results, and incorporate additional methods to further elucidate the neurobiology of addiction.
Association Between Tobacco Related Diagnoses and Alzheimer Disease: A population Study
(2022-05) Almalki, Amwaj Ghazi; Zhang, Pengyue; Johnson, Travis; Fadel, William
Background: Tobacco use is associated with an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). 14% of the incidence of AD is associated with various types of tobacco exposure. Additional real-world evidence is warranted to reveal the association between tobacco use and AD in age/gender-specific subpopulations. Method: In this thesis, the relationships between diagnoses related to tobacco use and diagnoses of AD in gender- and age-specific subgroups were investigated, using health information exchange data. The non-parametric Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the incidence of AD. Furthermore, the log-rank test was used to compare incidence between individuals with and without tobacco related diagnoses. In addition, we used semi-parametric Cox models to examine the association between tobacco related diagnoses and diagnoses of AD, while adjusting covariates. Results: Tobacco related diagnosis was associated with increased risk of developing AD comparing to no tobacco related diagnosis among individuals aged 60-74 years (female hazard ratio [HR] =1.26, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07 – 1.48, p-value = 0.005; and male HR =1.33, 95% CI: 1.10 - 1.62, p-value =0.004). Tobacco related diagnosis was associated with decreased risk of developing AD comparing to no tobacco related diagnosis among individuals aged 75-100 years (female HR =0.79, 95% CI: 0.70 - 0.89, p-value =0.001; and male HR =0.90, 95% CI: 0.82 - 0.99, p-value =0.023). Conclusion: Individuals with tobacco related diagnoses were associated with an increased risk of developing AD in older adults aged 60-75 years. Among older adults aged 75-100 years, individuals with tobacco related diagnoses were associated with a decreased risk of developing AD.
Community Conditions Favorable for Substance Abuse
(The Center for Health Policy, 2018-04-01) Jacinto, Corey; Greene, Marion S.
The probability of whether an individual engages in substance use is associated with several risk and protective factors. Effective prevention requires understanding these factors. The social-ecological model considers the complex interactions between individual, relationship, community, and societal factors. This can help us understand substance use in a public health context and design strategies to address the problem across multiple levels.
Cross-ancestry genetic investigation of schizophrenia, cannabis use disorder, and tobacco smoking
(medRxiv, 2024-01-18) Johnson, Emma C.; Austin-Zimmerman, Isabelle; Thorpe, Hayley H. A.; Levey, Daniel F.; Baranger, David A. A.; Colbert, Sarah M. C.; Demontis, Ditte; Khokhar, Jibran Y.; Davis, Lea K.; Edenberg, Howard J.; Di Forti, Marta; Sanchez-Roige, Sandra; Gelernter, Joel; Agrawal, Arpana; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine
Individuals with schizophrenia frequently experience co-occurring substance use, including tobacco smoking and heavy cannabis use, and substance use disorders. There is interest in understanding the extent to which these relationships are causal, and to what extent shared genetic factors play a role. We explored the relationships between schizophrenia (Scz), cannabis use disorder (CanUD), and ever-regular tobacco smoking (Smk) using the largest available genome-wide studies of these phenotypes in individuals of African and European ancestries. All three phenotypes were positively genetically correlated (rgs = 0.17 - 0.62). Causal inference analyses suggested the presence of horizontal pleiotropy, but evidence for bidirectional causal relationships was also found between all three phenotypes even after correcting for horizontal pleiotropy. We identified 439 pleiotropic loci in the European ancestry data, 150 of which were novel (i.e., not genome-wide significant in the original studies). Of these pleiotropic loci, 202 had lead variants which showed convergent effects (i.e., same direction of effect) on Scz, CanUD, and Smk. Genetic variants convergent across all three phenotypes showed strong genetic correlations with risk-taking, executive function, and several mental health conditions. Our results suggest that both horizontal pleiotropy and causal mechanisms may play a role in the relationship between CanUD, Smk, and Scz, but longitudinal, prospective studies are needed to confirm a causal relationship.
Effect of Tobacco Use on Radiolucent Lines in Modern Cementless Total Knee Arthroplasty Tibial Components
(Elsevier, 2023-01-14) Patel, Sohum K.; Dilley, Julian E.; Carlone, Andrew; Deckard, Evan R.; Meneghini, R. Michael; Sonn, Kevin A.; Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine
Background: The link between tobacco consumption and wound complications following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is well established. However, the effect of tobacco use on biologic fixation in cementless TKA remains unknown. This study evaluated the influence of tobacco use on the presence of radiolucent lines of tibial components in cementless TKA. Methods: A total of 293 consecutive cementless TKAs of 2 contemporary designs were retrospectively reviewed. Tibial radiolucent lines and component alignment were measured using an established measurement protocol. Patients with any history of tobacco use or active tobacco use (tobacco users) were compared to those with no history of tobacco use (tobacco nonusers). No significant differences which influenced outcomes were detected between the tobacco user and tobacco nonuser groups (P ≥ .071). Results: Radiolucent lines decreased from 1-month to latest follow-up (mean 2.5 years) in all 10 radiographic zones regardless of tobacco use (P ≤ .084). However, evaluating intrapatient change in radiolucent line width, the tobacco nonuser group had more radiolucent lines resolve by the latest follow-up in nearly all radiographic zones, although most differences did not reach statistical significance, except for anteroposterior zone 1 (-31% vs -19%, P = .022). No tibial components were revised for aseptic loosening. Conclusions: Results from this study suggest that any tobacco use prior to cementless TKA has the potential to hinder biologic fixation of tibial components. While no tibial components were revised for aseptic loosening, follow-up was relatively short at 2.5 years and therefore warrants further study to discern the effect of persistent radiolucent lines on long-term fixation.
EFFECTS OF PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS TREATED WITH VARIOUS CIGARETTE CONSTITUENTS ON HUMAN UMBILICAL VEIN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS
(Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, 2012-04-13) Gupta, Vinayak; Windsor, L. Jack; Gregory, Richard L.
Tobacco use affects the cardiovascular system and increases the rate of cardiovascular disease among smokers. However, the effects of tobacco on the endothelial cells that line blood vessels are not yet fully understood. Thus, the objective of this study was to examine some of the effects that a periodontal pathogen such as Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) treated with cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), nicotine, and dissolvable tobacco strips (DST) have on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). P.gingivalis was grown in an anaerobic environment at 37oC with and without CSC, DST, and nicotine. The cells and supernatants were harvested 96 hours later. A Bradford protein assay was conducted to determine the protein amounts of the cells and in the supernatant. The HUVEC will be cultured in Endothelial Basal Medium-2 and plated in 6 well plates and exposed to the P. gingivalis cells and supernatants and after 72 hours, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays will be used to cytotoxicity. Non-toxic amounts of the cells and supernatants will then be used to treat HUVEC cells for 72 hours before the media is collected and analyzed for cytokine/growth factor expression by protein arrays. It is believed that the treated bacteria will increase the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors expressed by the HUVECs, which could play roles in vascular diseases. The protein assays showed that only the protein amount in the supernatant from the CSC treated bacteria was decreased.
Effects of tobacco on human gingival fibroblasts
(2011) Zhang, Weiping; Windsor, L. Jack; Song, Fengyu; Kowolik, Michael J.; Lee, Chao-Hung; Subramaniam, Denise Rogers
The negative heath consequences of smoking are widely recognized, but there are still about 20% of the people in United States using tobacco products. Cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), the particulate matter of cigarette smoke, is comprised of thousands of chemicals (e.g., nicotine). Secondary only to bacterial plaque, cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for periodontal disease. Human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) are the main cellular component of periodontal connective tissues. During the development of periodontal disease, collagen degradation occurs. Collagen is the major extracellular matrix component of the gingiva. The major extracellular matrix degrading enzymes produced by the HGFs are the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The MMPs are mainly modulated by the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). In this dissertation, three studies aimed at understanding the effects of tobacco on human gingival fibroblasts and their mechanisms have been conducted: the effects of CSC on HGF-mediated collagen degradation; comparison of the effects of CSC on HGFs with that of nicotine; and the combined effects of CSC and bacteria on HGFs. The cell proliferation of HGFs decreased and cytotoxicity increased in HGFs treated with increasing concentrations of CSC. CSC increased the collagen degrading ability of the HGFs by altering the production and localization of MMPs and TIMPs. Nicotine is one of the major components and the most pharmacologically active agent in tobacco. The percentage of nicotine in the CSC was 2.4%. CSC (100 µg/ml) increased the collagen degrading ability of the HGFs by affecting membrane associated MMP-2, MMP-14, and TIMP-2, but the level of nicotine in the CSC may only play a limited role in this process. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is an opportunistic pathogen involved in periodontal disease. The combined effects of CSC and P. gingivalis supernatant increased HGF-mediated collagen degradation by destroying the balance between the MMPs and TIMPs at the protein and mRNA levels. This project demonstrated that tobacco (with or without P. gingivalis) increased HGF mediated collagen degradation, as seen in the periodontal disease, through altering the MMPs and TIMPs.
Impact of Continuing Education on Clinicians' Self- Reported Knowledge of Tobacco Dependence and Tobacco Control Interventions
(JScholar, 2018-10-20) Romito, Laura M.; Coan, Lorinda; Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, School of Dentistry
Purpose: To assess a tobacco cessation continuing education (CE) program for Indiana dental and medical providers. Methods: A 26-item immediate post-CE survey and a 19-item 3-month follow-up survey assessed changes in participants’ self-reported knowledge of tobacco dependence and tobacco control interventions. De-identified data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation coefficients, and Mantel- Haenszel chi-square tests. Results: Participants totaled 252 across 6 programs statewide. Immediate post-CE course survey response was 98.4% (N=248): dental assistants (2%), dental hygienists (83%), dentists (8.5%), and other healthcare professionals (6.45%). Participants reported less knowledge before than immediately after CE (p< .0001) and 3 months after (p<.0001). Reported knowledge at 3 months was less than after CE (p< .002). Participants reported on their intention to apply program communication strategies (99%), implement brief tobacco interventions (85%), and refer patients to local cessation resources (95%), Indiana Quitline (96%). Follow-up survey response rate was 54% (N=136). Participants reported active engagement in tobacco interventions (48%, 78), applying CE communication strategies (85%, 109), and implementing brief interventions (71%, 90). Participants reported referring few patients to local or state quitline counselors. Conclusion:Tobacco dependence CE may enhance health care practitioners’ knowledge and willingness to integrate tobacco interventions in their healthcare settings but it does not ensure a change in clinical tobacco control interventions
The Impact of Substance Use on the Developing Brain
(The Center for Health Policy, 2017-07-01) Kooreman, Harold E.
Most peoples’ first exposure to alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs typically occurs during adolescence, a time when the brain changes rather dramatically. The maturation process of the adolescent brain is reflected in a greater propensity to take part in risky activities such as unprotected sex, reckless driving, and substance use. Alcohol, nicotine, and marijuana, the most commonly used substances by teens, have all been tied to disruptions in normal brain development. These structural changes are associated with higher rates of cognitive impairments and academic difficulties, higher rates of future substance use and substance use disorders, and higher rates of mood and psychotic disorders.

Browsing by Subject "Tobacco"

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