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Item Evaluation and Management of Autonomic Dysreflexia and Other Autonomic Dysfunctions: Preventing the Highs and Lows: Management of Blood Pressure, Sweating, and Temperature Dysfunction(American Spinal Injury Association, 2021) Krassioukov, Andrei; Linsenmeyer, Todd A.; Beck, Lisa A.; Elliott, Stacy; Gorman, Peter; Kirshblum, Steven; Vogel, Lawrence; Wecht, Jill; Clay, Sarah; School of NursingItem Identifying enhanced urban heat island convection areas for Indianapolis, Indiana using space-borne thermal remote sensing methods(2015-04-02) Boyd, Kelly D.; Johnson, Daniel P.; Wilson, Jeffery S.; Martin, Pamela A.Heat is one of the most important factors in our atmosphere for precipitation (thunderstorm) formation. Thermal energy from local urban land-cover is also a common source of heat in the lower atmosphere. This phenomenon is known as the urban heat island effect (UHI) and is identified as a substantial cause to a changing climate in surface weather modification. The proceeding study investigates this connection between the UHI and surface weather using remote sensing platforms A ten-year analysis of the Indianapolis UHI and thunderstorms were studied from the summer months of May, June, July, August and September (MJJAS) from 2002 until 2011. LANDSAT space borne satellite technology and land-surface based weather radar technology was used in this analysis for thunderstorm investigation. Precipitation areas identified from land-based NEXRAD WSR-88D technology were used to identify convection from non-synoptic forcing and non-normal surface diurnal heating scenarios. Only convection appearing from the UHI were studied and analyzed. Results showed twenty-one events over eighteen days with the year 2005 and 2011 having the largest frequency of events. The month of August had the largest concentration with seven events during the late afternoon hours. UHI results showed July had the largest heat island magnitude with April and September having the lowest magnitude in UHI temperatures. Three events of the twenty-one storm paths did not had a significant mean temperature difference in the heat island below the storm reflectivity. The nineteen storm paths that were significant had a warmer area underneath storm path development by an average 6.2°C than surrounding areas. UHI initiation points showed twelve of the twenty-one events having statistically significant differences between 2 km initiation areas and the rest of the study areas. Land-cover results showed low intensity developed areas had the most land-cover type (48%) in the 2km initiation buffer regions.Item Influence of surface treatment on veneering porcelain shear bond strength to zirconia after cyclic loading(2013) Nishigori, Atsushi; Platt, Jeffrey A., 1958-; Brown, David T.; Ando, Masatoshi; Bottino, Marco C.; Levon, John A.Statement of problem: Yttria-partially stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) all-ceramic restorations have been reported to suffer from chipping or cracking of the veneering porcelain (VP) as the most common complication. There is little information in the literature regarding the influence of surface treatment on VP shear bond strength to Y-TZP after cyclic loading. Purpose of this study: The goals of this study were (1) to investigate the influence of zirconia surface treatments on veneering porcelain shear bond strength and (2) to investigate the influence of cyclic loading on the shear bond strength between VP and Y-TZP. Materials and Methods: 48 cylinder–shaped specimens (6mm in diameter and 4mm in height) were divided into 4 groups containing 12 specimens each according to the surface treatment. As a control group (C), no further treatment was applied to the specimens after grinding. Group H was heat-treated as a pretreatment according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Group S was airborne-particle abraded with 50 µm alumina (Al2O3) particles under a pressure of 0.4 MPa for 10 seconds. In the group SH, the heat-treatment was performed after the airborne-particle abrasion. A VP cylinder (2.4 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height) was applied and fired on the prepared Y-TZP specimens. The shear bond strength was tested using a universal testing machine. Six specimens from each group were subjected to fatigue (10,000cycles, 1.5Hz, 10N load) before testing. Results: The 3-way ANOVA showed no statistically significant effect of surface treatment and cyclic loading on shear bond strength. The highest mean shear bond strength was recorded for the air-particle abrasion group without cyclic loading (34.1 + 10 MPa). The lowest mean shear bond strength was the air-particle abrasion group with cyclic loading (10.7 ± 15.4 MPa). Sidak multiple comparisons procedure demonstrated cyclic loading specimens had significantly lower shear bond strength than non-cyclic loading specimens after air-particle abrasion without heat treatment (p=0.0126) Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, (1) Shear bond strength between Y-TZP and VP is not affected statistically by surface treatment using heat treatment, airborne-particle abrasion, and heat treatment after airborne-particle abrasion. (2) There is significant difference in shear bond strength with air-particle abrasion between with and without cyclic loading groups. This difference suggested that air-particle abrasion should be avoided in clinical situations as a surface treatment without heat treatment.Item Low-Temperature Plasma Short Exposure to Decontaminate Peri-Implantitis-Related Multispecies Biofilms on Titanium Surfaces In Vitro(Hindawi, 2022-10-26) Panariello, Beatriz H. D.; Mody, Drashty P.; Eckert, George J.; Witek, Lukasz; Coelho, Paulo G.; Duarte, Simone; Biostatistics and Health Data Science, School of MedicineBackground: The use of low-temperature plasma (LTP) is a novel approach to treating peri-implantitis. LTP disrupts the biofilm while conditioning the surrounding host environment for bone growth around the infected implant. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of LTP on newly formed (24 h), intermediate (3 days), and mature (7 days) peri-implant-related biofilms formed on titanium surfaces. Methods: Actinomyces naeslundii (ATCC 12104), Porphyromonas gingivalis (W83), Streptococcus oralis (ATCC 35037), and Veillonella dispar (ATCC 17748) were cultivated in brain heart infusion supplemented with 1% yeast extract, hemin (0.5 mg/mL), and menadione (5 mg/mL) and kept at 37°C in anaerobic conditions for 24 h. Species were mixed for a final concentration of ~105 colony forming units (CFU)/mL (OD = 0.01), and the bacterial suspension was put in contact with titanium specimens (7.5 mm in diameter by 2 mm in thickness) for biofilm formation. Biofilms were treated with LTP for 1, 3, and 5 min at 3 or 10 mm from plasma tip to sample. Controls were those having no treatment (negative control, NC) and argon flow under the same LTP conditions. Positive controls were those treated with 14 μg/mL amoxicillin and 140 μg/mL metronidazole individually or combined and 0.12% chlorhexidine (n = 6 per group). Biofilms were evaluated by CFU, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Comparisons among bacteria; 24 h, 3-day, and 7-day biofilms; and treatments for each biofilm were made. Wilcoxon signed-rank and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were applied (α = 0.05). Results: Bacterial growth was observed in all NC groups, corroborated by FISH. LTP treatment significantly reduced all bacteria species compared to the NC in all biofilm periods and treatment conditions (p ≤ 0.016), and CLSM corroborated these results. Conclusion: Within the limitation of this study, we conclude that LTP application effectively reduces peri-implantitis-related multispecies biofilms on titanium surfaces in vitro.Item Numerical Analysis and Design of an EMF Birdcage Wearable Device for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Feasibility Study(Scientific Research Publishing, 2022) Perez, Felipe P.; Arvidson, David Michael; Taylor, Tyler Phoenix; Rahmani, Maryam; Rizkalla, Maher; Medicine, School of MedicineIn this study, we performed a numerical analysis of a novel EMF Birdcage wearable device for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We designed the new device to generate and radiate a frequency of 64 MHz and a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.6 W/kg to a simulated human brain tissue. We determined these parameters from our experimental studies on primary human brain cultures at the Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM). We found that this frequency and SAR decreased the toxic Aβ levels in the cell cultures. The frequency of 64 MHZ has good skin depth penetration, which will easily pass through the various head layers, including hair, skin, fat, dura, the cerebrospinal (CSF), and grey matter, and reach deeply into the brain tissues. The SAR of 0.6 W/kg was achieved with lower power input and energy, decreasing the probability of thermal injury. Therefore, these parameters enhance the safety of these potential treatments. This Birdcage device emulates a small-scale MRI machine, producing the same 64 MHz frequency at much lower operating input power. In this work, we utilized a high-frequency simulation system (HFSS/EMPro) software to produce the birdcage structure for the required EMF parameters. The 64 MHz radiating frequency produced the scattering S11 parameter of -15 dbs. We obtained a SAR of 0.6 W/kg when an input power of 100 W was applied. The coil dimensions were found to be near 15 cm in height and 22 cm in diameter, which fits in wearable systems. We found that the distribution of the electric field and SAR radiate homogeneously over the simulated human head with good penetration into the brain, which proves to be an appropriate potential therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease.Item Orexinergic Neurotransmission in Temperature Responses to Methamphetamine and Stress: Mathematical Modeling as a Data Assimilation Approach(PLoS, 2015-05-20) Behrouzvaziri, Abolhassan; Fu, Daniel; Tan, Patrick; Yoo, Yeonjoo; Zaretskaia, Maria V.; Rusyniak, Daniel E.; Molkov, Yaroslav I.; Zaretsky, Dmitry V.; Department of Emergency Medicine, IU School of MedicineExperimental Data Orexinergic neurotransmission is involved in mediating temperature responses to methamphetamine (Meth). In experiments in rats, SB-334867 (SB), an antagonist of orexin receptors (OX1R), at a dose of 10 mg/kg decreases late temperature responses (t>60 min) to an intermediate dose of Meth (5 mg/kg). A higher dose of SB (30 mg/kg) attenuates temperature responses to low dose (1 mg/kg) of Meth and to stress. In contrast, it significantly exaggerates early responses (t<60 min) to intermediate and high doses (5 and 10 mg/kg) of Meth. As pretreatment with SB also inhibits temperature response to the stress of injection, traditional statistical analysis of temperature responses is difficult. Mathematical Modeling We have developed a mathematical model that explains the complexity of temperature responses to Meth as the interplay between excitatory and inhibitory nodes. We have extended the developed model to include the stress of manipulations and the effects of SB. Stress is synergistic with Meth on the action on excitatory node. Orexin receptors mediate an activation of on both excitatory and inhibitory nodes by low doses of Meth, but not on the node activated by high doses (HD). Exaggeration of early responses to high doses of Meth involves disinhibition: low dose of SB decreases tonic inhibition of HD and lowers the activation threshold, while the higher dose suppresses the inhibitory component. Using a modeling approach to data assimilation appears efficient in separating individual components of complex response with statistical analysis unachievable by traditional data processing methods.Item The Effects of Bonding Temperature and Humidity on Bond Strengths to Enamel(2000) O'Rourke, Margaret K.; Katona, Thomas R.; Baldwin, James J.; Hohlt, William; Moore, B. Keith; Shanks, James C.This study was a continuation of a group of studies and finite element modeling stress analyses that were undertaken to investigate variables in in vitro testing protocols. Previous studies indicated that the type of testing modality and the cement thickness may affect bond strengths. This study evaluated the effect of varying environmental conditions on bond strengths. Hypothesis: The relative bond strengths of two cements will be the same under torsional loading regardless of bonding temperature and humidity if the cement thickness is constant. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of bonding temperature and humidity on the bond strengths to enamel. A resin-modified glass ionomer (Photac-fil) and a resin composite (System 1 +) were utilized in the study. 204 bovine incisors were randomly divided into 12 groups. Stainless steel brackets were flattened with a force of approximately 200Nper bracket. They were then bonded to the flattened labial surfaces of the incisors per manufacturers directions under varying environmental conditions. Three temperatures (65°F, 85°F, and 98°F) and two relative humidities (37% and 85%) were used. Specimens were stored at 100% humidity and 37°C for 2 ½ weeks prior to debond testing under torsion using the MTS Bionix machine. The remaining adhesive was determined using the Adhesive Remnant Index. The results indicated that humidity had a consistent, significant effect on the bond strength of the glass ionomer. High humidity resulted in significantly higher bond strengths than low humidity. Humidity had an effect on bond strength of composite only at high temperature where bond strengths at high humidity were significantly less than at low humidity. Temperature had no effect on bond strengths of glass ionomer and only appeared to affect composite at high temperature as the bond strength of composite at 98°F was significantly greater than at 65° or 85°. The bond strength of the glass ionomer was significantly greater than that of composite at the high humidity, but there was no significant difference between them at low humidity. There was a mild positive correlation (R=.60) between ARI and bond strength. The ARI for composite at high temperature and high humidity was significantly lower than at high temperature low humidity. Conclusion: The relative bond strengths of two cements are different under torsional loading and are influenced by temperature or humidity when cement thickness is held constant.Item Themed Entertainment Impact Adapter Senior Design Final Report(2023-05-03) Landis, George; Freeh, Ryan; Pash, PhillipThis project is what is known as the Themed Entertainment Impact Adapter. The issue is to improve a system already in place by creating a new detection system that will allow a guest to interact with set pieces with a physical hit and have communication back to the host. The sponsor, IFM Interactive, is wanting a custom Printed Circuit Board (PCB) that will be housed in a watertight plastic case specified by the sponsor. The device is a detection system that uses an accelerometer to notify another unit that the device detects a spike in the z-axis direction. The specifications that needed to be met that were given by the sponsor are as follows, • Printed circuit board-based design that mounts inside of an IP rated enclosure selected and provided by the customer. • Enclosure penetrations must retain environmental (IP) ratings such that the device could be installed outdoors. • Capable of operating in temperatures up to 80C. • Accept 5VDC for power. • Communicate via half-duplex asynchronous UART over RS-485. • Connect to upstream power and RS-485 data via a single 4 pole M8 connector. • Detects forces applied via internal accelerometer. • Implements communication protocol specified by the customer. • Create ~6 fully working units by April. The test plan is to test on a similar board using an RP2040. We will want to make sure that it sends a signal using UART over RS-485 to a computer emulating the host machine. The results have been successful in testing. There have been issues with the actual device that are minor fixes in the software design than the hardware. The final system will meet the standards from the sponsor. Some recommendations on improvements would be a better implementation of the hardware. Thus, there is just a bit more of editing on the layout. Moving the USB-C to another open way to make way for the port that will be drilled out of the unit to allow for access to power and data to the upstream unit.