IU Indianapolis ScholarWorks :: Browsing by Subject "Substance use"

Browsing by Subject "Substance use"

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A rapid review of literature on factors associated with adult probation revocations
(Taylor & Francis, 2022) Diaz, Carmen L.; Rising, Staci; Grommon, Eric; Northcutt Bohmert, Miriam; Lowder, Evan Marie
Criminal justice stakeholders have increasingly relied on probation supervision as an alternative to incarceration and yet, probation revocations often result in incarceration. As such, increased understanding of the mechanisms behind revocations and strategies to reduce them is critical. We conduct a rapid review of the literature on factors associated with probation revocations. Specifically, we review 50 articles on how probation officer behavior, officer-client relationships, caseload size, supervision intensity, monetary sanctions, probation client characteristics, or programming and services are associated with probation revocations. Though the literature is limited, and findings are mixed, the most consistent findings indicate that officer-client relationships involving trust, support, respect, and empathy as well as reduced caseload sizes and cognitive behavioral therapy programs are associated with probation success while intensive supervision programs; greater monetary sanctions and nonpayment of those sanctions; and being Black and less educated are associated with poorer supervision outcomes. Implications for future research, policy, and practice are discussed.
Adolescent Substance Use and Occupational Therapy Interventions: A Rapid Systematic Review
(2021-05-05) Byrn, Hannah; Davila, Danielle; Green, Samantha; Kendall, Mary; Larson, Sydney; Prentice, Alexandra; Chase, Anthony; Petrenchik, Terry; Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health and Human Sciences
This rapid systematic review analyzes the evidence for substance use reduction through therapeutic interventions and activities in adolescents between the ages of 13-25, along with the potential for implementation in the field of occupational therapy. Adolescents with substance use disorders (SUDs) often have specific challenges regarding their family interactions, cultural beliefs, school engagement, and community support. It can be difficult for adolescents with SUDs to successfully navigate their ever changing lives, as they may also present with comorbid psychiatric conditions. It is noted that throughout this review, many interventions were the first of their kind and focused on targeting adolescents within the contexts of their environment. Many studies utilized specific techniques aimed at improving adolescents’ intrinsic beliefs regarding their substance use. Overall, low to moderate evidence was found for the effectiveness of various interventions to reduce adolescent substance use. More exhaustive research is needed to evaluate the usefulness of these interventions, as many were done in very specific settings with very individualized populations. Moreover, occupational therapists should be cautious before implementation into practice, as none of the studies evaluated explicitly examined the role of occupational therapy. More investigation is required to determine how these interventions can be applied to the field of occupational therapy.
Altered amygdala-cortical connectivity in individuals with Cannabis use disorder
(Sage, 2021) Aloi, Joseph; McCusker, Marie C.; Lew, Brandon J.; Schantell, Mikki; Eastman, Jacob A.; Frenzel, Michaela R.; Wilson, Tony W.; Psychiatry, School of Medicine
Background: Cannabis is one of the most commonly used substances in the United States. Prior literature using task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has identified that individuals with Cannabis use disorder (CUD) show impairments in emotion processing circuitry. However, whether the functional networks involving these regions are also altered in CUD remains poorly understood. Aims: Investigate changes in resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) in regions related to emotional processing in CUD. Methods: Sixty-two participants completed resting-state fMRI, including 21 with CUD, 20 with histories of illicit substance use but no current CUD diagnosis, and 21 with no history of illicit substance use. Whole-brain seed-based connectivity analyses were performed and one-way analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) were conducted to detect group differences in the bilateral amygdalae, hippocampi, and the anterior and posterior cingulate cortices. Results: The CUD group exhibited significant reductions in rsFC between the amygdala and the cuneus, paracentral lobule, and supplementary motor area, and between the cingulate cortices and the occipital and temporal lobes. There were no significant group differences in hippocampal functional connectivity. In addition, CUD symptom counts based on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID) and the Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test (CUDIT) significantly correlated with multiple connectivity metrics. Conclusion: These data expand on emerging literature indicating that CUD is associated with dysfunction in the neural circuits underlying emotion processing. Dysfunction in emotion processing circuits may play a role in the behavioral impairments seen in emotion processing tasks in individuals with CUD, and the severity of CUD symptoms appears to be directly related to the degree of dysfunction in these circuits.
Alternative models of instant drug testing: evidence from an experimental trial
(Springer, 2012-12-12) Grommon, Eric; Cox, Stephen M.; Davidson, William S.; Bynum, Timothy S.
Objective This study describes and provides relapse and recidivism outcome findings related to an experimental trial evaluating the viability of frequent, random drug testing with consequences for use. Methods The sample consisted of 529 offenders released on parole. An experimental design with random assignment to one of three groups was employed. The Experimental Group received frequent, random drug testing with instant results, immediate sanctions, and referral for substance abuse treatment. Control Group I received frequent, random drug testing and treatment referral, but did not receive immediate test results or immediate sanctions. Control Group II followed standard parole practice. Members of this group were not tested on a random basis and did not receive immediate sanctions. Repeated measures ANOVA and survival analysis techniques were used to explore group differences. Results Frequent monitoring of drug use with randomized testing protocols, immediate feedback, and certain consequences is effective in lowering rates of relapse and recidivism. The effectiveness is particularly salient in the short term during the period of exposure to testing conditions. Conclusions The findings lend support to the use of randomized testing with swift and certain sanctions with parolees. Additional quality evidence is necessary to generalize and refine findings from this study and others that focus on sanction certainty. Future replications must consider the immediacy of test result and sanction execution as well as the length of exposure to randomized testing periods.
Clinical Diversity in a Randomized Trial that Explicitly Sought Racial/Ethnic Diversity in its Sample: Baseline Comparisons in a Treatment of Youth Substance Use and Posttraumatic Stress
(American Psychological Association, 2023) Andrews, Arthur R., III; Walker, Jesse; Bernard, Donte L.; Adams, Zachary; de Arellano, Michael; Kmett Danielson, Carla; Psychiatry, School of Medicine
Objective: For more than two decades, federal agencies have sought to address a persistent lack of inclusion of Black, Latinx, Asian, and indigenous peoples in randomized controlled trials (RCTs), often with an underlying hypothesis that such efforts will increase diversity across clinically-relevant dimensions. We examined racial/ethnic and clinical diversity, including racial/ethnic differences in prior service access and symptom dimensions, in an RCT focusing on trauma-related mental health and substance use among adolescents. Method: Participants were 140 adolescents in an RCT of Reducing Risk through Family Therapy. Recruitment followed several recommendations for enhancing diversity. Structured interviews examined trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptoms, substance use, service utilization, and demographics. Results: Non-Latinx (NL) Black youth were more likely to receive mental health services for the first time and have greater trauma exposure, but less likely to report symptoms of depression (ps < .05) relative to NL White youth. Relevant caregiver differences included that NL Black caregivers were more likely to be unemployed and looking for work (p < .05) despite having similar levels of education relative to NL White caregivers (p > .05). Conclusion: Results suggest that efforts to expand racial/ethnic diversity in an RCT of combined substance use and trauma-focused mental health may also expand other clinical dimensions. Many of these differences reflect multiple dimensions of racism experienced by NL Black families that clinicians must attend to.
Collective ethnic-racial identity and health outcomes among African American youth: Examination of promotive and protective effects
(American Psychological Association, 2019-07) Zapolski, Tamika C.B.; Beutlich, Marcy R.; Fisher, Sycarah; Barnes-Najor, Jessica; Psychology, School of Science
OBJECTIVES: Racial discrimination is associated with numerous negative health outcomes, including increased risk for depression and anxiety symptoms and substance use. Positive affect toward of one's ethnic or racial group (i.e., ethnic-racial identity affirmation) has been shown to buffer the negative effects of racial discrimination on health outcomes. The extent to which one believes his or her group is valued by others (i.e., positive collective ethnic-racial identity) has also been proposed to be protective. However, to date a limited body of research has examined the moderating effect of collective ethnic-racial identity on health, and among available studies, findings are mixed. METHOD: African American youth (N = 612; 58.2% female, M grade = 8) completed measures on experiences of discrimination, mood symptoms, substance use, ethnic-racial identity affirmation, and collective ethnic-racial identity (assessed using the Collective Self-Esteem Scale). RESULTS: Controlling for demographic variables and affirmation, a significant main effect was found for collective ethnic-racial identity, such that believing that others viewed your group positively was associated with better health outcomes among African American youth. However, collective ethnic-racial identity was not found to buffer the effects of discrimination on health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the importance of examining collective ethnic-racial identity and the promotive effect it can have on health outcomes for African Americans. More research is needed to better understand if there are health outcomes in which collective ethnic-racial identity may also mitigate risk as a consequence of racial discrimination. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Cross-ancestry genetic investigation of schizophrenia, cannabis use disorder, and tobacco smoking
(medRxiv, 2024-01-18) Johnson, Emma C.; Austin-Zimmerman, Isabelle; Thorpe, Hayley H. A.; Levey, Daniel F.; Baranger, David A. A.; Colbert, Sarah M. C.; Demontis, Ditte; Khokhar, Jibran Y.; Davis, Lea K.; Edenberg, Howard J.; Di Forti, Marta; Sanchez-Roige, Sandra; Gelernter, Joel; Agrawal, Arpana; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine
Individuals with schizophrenia frequently experience co-occurring substance use, including tobacco smoking and heavy cannabis use, and substance use disorders. There is interest in understanding the extent to which these relationships are causal, and to what extent shared genetic factors play a role. We explored the relationships between schizophrenia (Scz), cannabis use disorder (CanUD), and ever-regular tobacco smoking (Smk) using the largest available genome-wide studies of these phenotypes in individuals of African and European ancestries. All three phenotypes were positively genetically correlated (rgs = 0.17 - 0.62). Causal inference analyses suggested the presence of horizontal pleiotropy, but evidence for bidirectional causal relationships was also found between all three phenotypes even after correcting for horizontal pleiotropy. We identified 439 pleiotropic loci in the European ancestry data, 150 of which were novel (i.e., not genome-wide significant in the original studies). Of these pleiotropic loci, 202 had lead variants which showed convergent effects (i.e., same direction of effect) on Scz, CanUD, and Smk. Genetic variants convergent across all three phenotypes showed strong genetic correlations with risk-taking, executive function, and several mental health conditions. Our results suggest that both horizontal pleiotropy and causal mechanisms may play a role in the relationship between CanUD, Smk, and Scz, but longitudinal, prospective studies are needed to confirm a causal relationship.
The crossover effect: A review of racial/ethnic variations in risk for substance use and substance use disorder across development
(Springer Nature, 2018-09) Banks, Devin E.; Zapolski, Tamika C.B.; Psychology, School of Science
Purpose of Review: The "crossover" effect, a phenomenon by which some minority groups switch from low to high risk for substance use as a function of age, was first documented 25 years ago. However, rigorous methodological research examining the crossover effect has only recently emerged. The current paper reviews the past 25 years of research on the crossover effect, which has primarily examined the shift from low to high substance use risk among Blacks relative to Whites. Recent Findings: Although findings regarding the crossover effect vary based on gender, socioeconomic status, and substance, Blacks and Hispanics appear to be at lower risk for some substance use- particularly binge drinking and cigarette smoking-than Whites during adolescence and early adulthood, but at higher risk for use in later life. Research regarding the crossover effect of substance use disorder and related problems is limited but more consistent with a similar pattern of effects observed. Summary: Due to significant limitations of the extant literature examining the crossover effect, it requires additional research clarifying sociodemographic differences in the, identifying its mechanisms, and determining its clinical implications. Such research may have important implications for preventing racial/ethnic disparities in the consequences associated with disordered substance use.
Dieting and Substance Use Among White and Black Adolescent Girls
(Elsevier, 2021) Rowe, Alia T.; Khazvand, Shirin; Wu, Wei; Barnes-Najor, Jessica; Zapolski, Tamika C. B.; Psychology, School of Science
Objective: Previous research has found an increasing co-occurrence of dieting and substance use behavior among adolescent girls. However, to date few studies have examined the temporal ordering of these behaviors. Further, limited research has been conducted to explore whether the pathways are similar among both White and Black girls. Method: For the current study 1580 girls (grade 6-11; 78.2% White; 21.8% Black) provided data on their dieting behavior and substance use. A cross-lagged panel design was used to examine the concurrent and prospective relationship between dieting behavior and substance use across one year, then by race. Results: Among the full sample of girls, there was a significant concurrent relationship. Additionally, dieting behavior predicted substance use one year later, but the inverse relationship was not found. For the stratified analysis, dieting behavior and substance use were not correlated among Black girls at either time point, however concurrent relationships were found for White girls. For the prospective pathways non-significant effects were found for both groups. Discussion: These findings provide support for a temporal relationship between dieting behavior and substance use, such that the former predicts risk for the latter. However, when examined by race, some pathways of the full sample were found for White girls, whereas Black girls did not report an association between study variables. Thus, future studies should consider the impact of race within risk pathways.
Differential typologies of current substance use among Black and White high-school adolescents: A latent class analysis
(Elsevier, 2020-07) Banks, Devin E.; Bello, Mariel S.; Crichlow, Queenisha; Leventhal, Adam M.; Barnes-Najor, Jessica; Zapolski, Tamika C.B.; Psychology, School of Science
Black and White adolescents demonstrate different prototypical profiles (i.e., typologies) of substance use, with Blacks demonstrating lower risk for concurrent use of two or more substances. Despite knowledge of these differences, typologies of adolescent substance use identified by person-centered methods, such as latent class analysis, have not characterized profiles by racial group. The current study examined typologies of substance use among Black and White youth separately using person-centered methods to identify common patterns of substance use among subjects. Data were drawn from a 5-year parent study examining adolescent health outcomes. The current study examined high-school aged White (n = 7271, 45.4% male) and Black youth (n = 1301, 40.1% male) who reported past-30-day frequency of cigarette, alcohol, marijuana, inhalant, and other drug use. Latent class analysis was used to examine substance use typologies among each group adjusting for grade and sex. Black and White youth demonstrated different typologies such that four typologies emerged among Blacks: Non-Use (87.8%), Alcohol and Marijuana Use (6.3%), Alcohol, Marijuana, and Cigarette Use (3.8%), and Frequent Polysubstance Use (2.0%). Conversely, five typologies emerged among Whites: Non-Use (73.4%), Predominant Alcohol Use (13.9%), Alcohol, Marijuana, and Cigarette Use (9.4%), Moderate Polysubstance Use (1.6%), and Frequent Polysubstance Use (1.7%). Findings suggest that Black and White youth engage in similar rates of concurrent substance use. Given that Black youth face greater risk for adverse consequences from substance use, prevention efforts are needed to prevent related health disparities related to concurrent substance use.

Browsing by Subject "Substance use"

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