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Item A 9.8 Mb deletion at 7q31.2q31.31 downstream of FOXP2 in an individual with speech and language impairment suggests a possible positional effect(Wiley, 2022-11-19) Iwata-Otsubo, Aiko; Klee, Victoria H.; Ahmad, Aaliya A.; Walsh, Laurence E.; Breman, Amy M.; Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of MedicineHaploinsufficiency of FOXP2 causes FOXP2-related speech and language disorder. We report a 9.8 Mb deletion downstream of FOXP2 in a girl with speech and language impairment, developmental delay, and other features. We propose involvement of FOXP2 in pathogenesis of these phenotypes, likely due to positional effects on the gene.Item A Cephalometric Study of Velar Height as a Function of Voice Fundamental Frequency in the Normal Speaker(1975) Simons, Charles MorrisAn understanding of velar activity during vowel utterance has resulted from the use of several methods of study and observation. Both acoustic and perceptual methods have been used to describe velar activity. Acoustic characteristics have been related to nasality. Perceptual studies have enumerated variation in judged severity of nasality. Cinefluorographic techniques have been used to investigate the effects of vocal effort and fundamental frequency on velar movement. Intra-oral photographic techniques have also been employed to understand this relationship. Due to conflicting reports from the several techniques, the present study was undertaken to utilize a new approach of still cephalometric radiographs during sound production. The purpose of the present study was to use a cephalometric procedure to investigate velar height and velopharyngeal gap as a function of fundamental frequency in normal subjects. Four levels of fundamental frequency (10%, 25%, 50%, and 75% of the subject's total vocal range) at constant vocal effort were performed by 11 normal adult males on sequences of the vowel /a/. Each subject was carefully trained to utter the vowel sound at each of the four pitch levels as computed by a Honeywell Visicorder. A v-u meter indicated constancy of vocal effort. A lateral cephalometric headplate was taken under each of the four vocal pitch conditions. Velar height and velopharyngeal gap were measured by means of an acetate tracing from each headplate. The measurements were submitted for statistical interpretation. Major findings included: 1. Tracings and measurements could be done accurately. 2. Vocal fundamental frequency productions were accurate. 3. Vocal effort could be maintained constant. 4. No significant difference between pitch levels for either velar height or velopharyngeal gap was indicated. 5. Highly significant differences in measurements of velar height and velopharyngeal gap were noted between subjects. 6. No significant correlation between 75% and 10% pitch levels was indicated by a Pearson product-moment correlation. 7. A significant correlation between 25%, 50% and 75% levels was evidenced.Item Executive functioning and speech-language skills following long-term use of cochlear implants(Oxford University Press, 2014-10) Kronenberger, William G.; Colson, Bethany G.; Henning, Shirley C.; Pisoni, David B.; Department of Medicine, IU School of MedicineNeurocognitive processes such as executive functioning (EF) may influence the development of speech-language skills in deaf children after cochlear implantation in ways that differ from normal-hearing, typically developing children. Conversely, spoken language abilities and experiences may also exert reciprocal effects on the development of EF. The purpose of this study was to identify EF domains that are related to speech-language skills in cochlear implant (CI) users, compared to normal-hearing peers. Sixty-four prelingually deaf, early-implanted, long-term users of CIs and 74 normal-hearing peers equivalent in age and nonverbal intelligence completed measures of speech-language skills and three domains of EF: working memory, fluency-speed, and inhibition-concentration. Verbal working memory and fluency-speed were more strongly associated with speech-language outcomes in the CI users than in the normal-hearing peers. Spatial working memory and inhibition-concentration correlated positively with language skills in normal-hearing peers but not in CI users. The core domains of EF that are associated with spoken language development are different in long-term CI users compared to normal-hearing peers, suggesting important dissociations in neurocognitive development.Item Using Lexical Analysis to Link Depression in Schizotypy(Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, 2016-04-08) Abplanalp, Samuel J.; Minor, Kyle S.Introduction: Previous research has suggested that depression is a major symptom of schizophrenia, and, moreover, schizotypy. Speech has also been heavily studied within the schizophrenia-spectrum. Compared to healthy populations, those with schizotypy tend to show greater depression and use negative affect (emotion) words more frequently. Speech containing negative affect words has also been shown to correlate with depression in both the healthy population and the schizophrenia-spectrum. This study aimed to examine any differences in depression level and negative affect words between a schizotypy and control sample, and also if depression level can be linked to speech within schizotypy. Methods: 38 participants partook in an open-ended, semi-structured interview-25 making up the schizotypy group, and 13 in the non-schizotypy group. The interview was recorded, transcribed, and ran through Lexical Inquiry Word Count (LIWC), a computerized measure that evaluates speech content using a dictionary that contains over 4500 words/word stems across 68 categories. Participants were also administered two depression questionnaires. Results: The schizotypy sample showed significantly greater depression than controls (p<.01, d= 1.55; p<.01, d= -2.91) comparing both questionnaires. There were no significant differences between the groups with relation to negative affect words, but a trend effect was shown, with the schizotypy group using these words with greater frequency (p>.05, d= -.54).Within schizotypy, a trend level relationship between depression and negative affect words was observed (r= -.31, p>.05). Conclusion: These findings are consistent with previous studies reporting higher depression levels in the schizophrenia-spectrum compared to healthy populations. It is inconsistent, however, with regards to schizotypy and use of negative emotion words, which may be due in part to low power. Furthermore, this study shows that lexical analysis software has the potential to assist in the measurement of depression in schizotypy.Item Verbal Working Memory Error Patterns and Speech-Language Outcomes in Youth With Cochlear Implants(American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2021) Romano, Daniel R.; Kronenberger, William G.; Henning, Shirley C.; Montgomery, Caitlin J.; Ditmars, Allison M.; Johnson, Courtney A.; Bozell, Hannah D.; Yates, Adeline D.; Pisoni, David B.; Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery, School of MedicinePurpose: Verbal working memory (VWM) delays are commonly found in prelingually deaf youth with cochlear implants (CIs), albeit with considerable interindividual variability. However, little is known about the neurocognitive information-processing mechanisms underlying these delays and how these mechanisms relate to spoken language outcomes. The goal of this study was to use error analysis of the letter-number sequencing (LNS) task to test the hypothesis that VWM delays in CI users are due, in part, to fragile, underspecified phonological representations in short-term memory. Method: Fifty-one CI users aged 7-22 years and 53 normal hearing (NH) peers completed a battery of speech, language, and neurocognitive tests. LNS raw scores and error profiles were compared between samples, and a hierarchical regression model was used to test for associations with measures of speech, language, and hearing. Results: Youth with CIs scored lower on the LNS test than NH peers and committed a significantly higher number of errors involving phonological confusions (recalling an incorrect letter/digit in place of a phonologically similar one). More phonological errors were associated with poorer performance on measures of nonword repetition and following spoken directions but not with hearing quality. Conclusions: Study findings support the hypothesis that poorer VWM in deaf children with CIs is due, in part, to fragile, underspecified phonological representations in short-term/working memory, which underlie spoken language delays. Programs aimed at strengthening phonological representations may improve VWM and spoken language outcomes in CI users.