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    Actinide concentration from lunar regolith via hydrocyclone density separation
    (Longdom Publishing, 2021) Schubert, Peter J.; Kindomba, Eli; Hantzis, Connor; Conaway, Adam; Yeong, Haoyee; Littell, Steven; Palani, Sashindran; Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology
    Beneficiation of regolith to concentrate the high-density ore fraction from the gangue can be accomplished through momentum transfer methods, such as ballistic deflection or cyclonic separation. This study explores the extraction of actinide-bearing minerals from lunar regolith based on the difference in apparent density between thorium-bearing minerals (e.g. ThO2 ρ=10) from silicates (e.g. SiO2 ρ=2.65). Thorium content in lunar regolith ranges from single-digit parts per million (ppm) to as high as 60 ppm. Concentrating thorium-bearing minerals is a required first step in the preparation of fission fuels for a nuclear reactor in which all of the radioactive operations are performed 380,000 km from the Earth’s biosphere. After comparison with ballistic deflection, cyclone separation with a non-volatile fluid carrier was chosen for further study. With sieving to separate particles by size, such a hydrocyclone can be used to efficiently separate the dense fraction from the lighter minerals. Design equations were used to fabricate an at-scale apparatus using water, iron particles, and glass beads as simulants. Results show the ability to effect a 2 to 5.4 % increase in dense fraction concentration each pass, such that 95% concentration requires between 50 and 100 passes, or a cascade of this many apparatuses. The selection of a suitable fluid for safe and low-mass transport to the Moon is part of a techno-economic analysis of the cost and infrastructure needed to produce highly-purified thorium minerals on the lunar surface.