Browsing by Subject "Smell"

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    The apéritif effect: Alcohol's effects on the brain's response to food aromas in women
    (Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons), 2015-07) Eiler, William J. A.; Džemidžić, Mario; Case, K. Rose; Soeurt, Christina M.; Armstrong, Cheryl L. H.; Mattes, Richard D.; O'Connor, Sean J.; Harezlak, Jaroslaw; Acton, Anthony J.; Considine, Robert V.; Kareken, David A.; Department of Neurology, IU School of Medicine
    OBJECTIVE: Consuming alcohol prior to a meal (an apéritif) increases food consumption. This greater food consumption may result from increased activity in brain regions that mediate reward and regulate feeding behavior. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we evaluated the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) response to the food aromas of either roast beef or Italian meat sauce following pharmacokinetically controlled intravenous infusion of alcohol. METHODS: BOLD activation to food aromas in non-obese women (n = 35) was evaluated once during intravenous infusion of 6% v/v EtOH, clamped at a steady-state breath alcohol concentration of 50 mg%, and once during infusion of saline using matching pump rates. Ad libitum intake of roast beef with noodles or Italian meat sauce with pasta following imaging was recorded. RESULTS: BOLD activation to food relative to non-food odors in the hypothalamic area was increased during alcohol pre-load when compared to saline. Food consumption was significantly greater, and levels of ghrelin were reduced, following alcohol. CONCLUSIONS: An alcohol pre-load increased food consumption and potentiated differences between food and non-food BOLD responses in the region of the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus may mediate the interplay of alcohol and responses to food cues, thus playing a role in the apéritif phenomenon.
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    Indiana State Board of Health Monthly Bulletin, 1905 Vol. 7 No. 6
    (1905) Wayne County Medical Society; Hessler, Robert
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    Induction of chronic migraine phenotypes in a rat model after environmental irritant exposure
    (Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2018-03) Kunkler, Phillip Edward; Zhang, LuJuan; Johnson, Philip Lee; Oxford, Gerry Stephen; Hurley, Joyce Harts; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine
    Air pollution is linked to increased emergency department visits for headache and migraine patients frequently cite chemicals or odors as headache triggers, but the association between air pollutants and headache is not well understood. We previously reported that chronic environmental irritant exposure sensitizes the trigeminovascular system response to nasal administration of environmental irritants. Here, we examine whether chronic environmental irritant exposure induces migraine behavioral phenotypes. Male rats were exposed to acrolein, a transient receptor potential channel ankyrin-1 (TRPA1) agonist, or room air by inhalation for 4 days before meningeal blood flow measurements, periorbital cutaneous sensory testing, or other behavioral testing. Touch-induced c-Fos expression in trigeminal nucleus caudalis was compared in animals exposed to room air or acrolein. Spontaneous behavior and olfactory discrimination was examined in open-field testing. Acrolein inhalation exposure produced long-lasting potentiation of blood flow responses to a subsequent TRPA1 agonist and sensitized cutaneous responses to mechanical stimulation. C-Fos expression in response to touch was increased in trigeminal nucleus caudalis in animals exposed to acrolein compared with room air. Spontaneous activity in an open-field and scent preference behavior was different in acrolein-exposed compared with room air-exposed animals. Sumatriptan, an acute migraine treatment blocked acute blood flow changes in response to TRPA1 or transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor-1 agonists. Pretreatment with valproic acid, a prophylactic migraine treatment, attenuated the enhanced blood flow responses observed after acrolein inhalation exposures. Environmental irritant exposure yields an animal model of chronic migraine in which to study mechanisms for enhanced headache susceptibility after chemical exposure.
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    Olfactory Function After Surgical Treatment of CRS: A Comparison of CRS Patients to Healthy Controls
    (Sage, 2021) Mattos, Jose L.; Soler, Zachary M.; Schlosser, Rodney J.; Mace, Jess C.; Alt, Jeremiah A.; Ramakrishnan, Vijay R.; Payne, Spencer C.; Smith, Timothy L.; Beswick, Daniel M.; Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine
    Background: Many patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) have persistent olfactory dysfunction (OD) following endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Few studies compare outcomes to control subjects so it is unknown if residual OD is due to persistent CRS. Objective: Compare postoperative measures of OD in case patients with CRS to healthy controls without sinonasal disease. Methods: Prospective, observational, multicenter cohort study between October, 2016 and May, 2019. Case participants were selected from referred adult patients diagnosed with CRS, with or without nasal polyposis (NP), electing ESS as subsequent treatment modality. Controls voluntarily enrolled from a community-based sample without a history of CRS. Primary outcomes included measures of preoperative and postoperative OD using "Sniffin' Stick" pens which summarize odorant threshold (T), discrimination (D), and identification (I) scores. Secondary outcomes included the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders-Negative Statements (QOD-NS) survey and olfactory cleft endoscopy scores (OCES). Results: Outcomes were compared between 113 cases and 164 controls of similar average age and gender. Cases reported significantly worse baseline Sniffin' Sticks TDI total scores (-6.8[SE ± 1.0]; 95% CI: -4.9 to -8.7), QOD-NS (8.9[SE ± 1.1]; 95% CI: 6.8-10.9), and OCES (3.5[SE ± 0.4]; 95% CI: 2.9-4.2) on average. Cases reported significant postoperative improvement in TDI total score (3.7[SD ± 8.2]; 95% CI: 2.2-5.2), QOD-NS (-5.9[SD ± 8.7]; 95% CI: -7.6 to -4.3), and OCES (-1.7[SD ± 3.8]; 95% CI: -2.7 to -0.8) on average, while 63% of anosmics reported improved postoperative olfaction. Multivariate regression identified that NP (OR = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2-1.0) and previous ESS (OR = 0.3; 95% CI: 0.1-0.8) decreased the odds of postoperative improvement equal to mean TDI scores of controls, while septoplasty increased those odds (OR = 4.5; 95% CI: 1.5-13.7). Conclusion: ESS improved olfactory metrics and restored olfactory function in approximately 50% of patients with CRS to that of healthy controls. Concurrent septoplasty increased the likelihood of achieving normal olfaction, while NP and previous ESS decreased those odds.