Browsing by Subject "Short-term memory"

Now showing 1 - 6 of 6
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    Exceptional Speech Recognition Outcomes After Cochlear Implantation: Lessons From Two Case Studies
    (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2022) Herbert, Carolyn J.; Pisoni, David B.; Kronenberger, William G.; Nelson, Rick F.; Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine
    Purpose: Individual differences and variability in outcomes following cochlear implantation (CI) in patients with hearing loss remain significant unresolved clinical problems. Case reports of specific individuals allow for detailed examination of the information processing mechanisms underlying variability in outcomes. Two adults who displayed exceptionally good postoperative CI outcomes shortly after activation were administered a novel battery of auditory, speech recognition, and neurocognitive processing tests. Method: A case study of two adult CI recipients with postlingually acquired hearing loss who displayed excellent postoperative speech recognition scores within 3 months of initial activation. Preoperative City University of New York sentence testing and a postoperative battery of sensitive speech recognition tests were combined with auditory and visual neurocognitive information processing tests to uncover their strengths, weaknesses, and milestones. Results: Preactivation CUNY auditory-only (A) scores were < 5% correct while the auditory + visual (A + V) scores were > 74%. Acoustically with their CIs, both participants' scores on speech recognition, environmental sound identification and speech in noise tests exceeded average CI users scores by 1-2 standard deviations. On nonacoustic visual measures of language and neurocognitive functioning, both participants achieved above average scores compared with normal hearing adults in vocabulary knowledge, rapid phonological coding of visually presented words and nonwords, verbal working memory, and executive functioning. Conclusions: Measures of multisensory (A + V) speech recognition and visual neurocognitive functioning were associated with excellent speech recognition outcomes in two postlingual adult CI recipients. These neurocognitive information processing domains may underlie the exceptional speech recognition performance of these two patients and offer new directions for research explaining variability in postimplant outcomes. Results further suggest that current clinical outcome measures should be expanded beyond the conventional speech recognition measures to include more sensitive robust tests of speech recognition as well as neurocognitive measures of working memory, vocabulary, lexical access, and executive functioning.
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    Genome-wide meta-analyses reveal novel loci for verbal short-term memory and learning
    (Springer Nature, 2022) Lahti, Jari; Tuominen, Samuli; Yang, Qiong; Pergola, Giulio; Ahmad, Shahzad; Amin, Najaf; Armstrong, Nicola J.; Beiser, Alexa; Bey, Katharina; Bis, Joshua C.; Boerwinkle, Eric; Bressler, Jan; Campbell, Archie; Campbell, Harry; Chen, Qiang; Corley, Janie; Cox, Simon R.; Davies, Gail; De Jager, Philip L.; Derks, Eske M.; Faul, Jessica D.; Fitzpatrick, Annette L.; Fohner, Alison E.; Ford, Ian; Fornage, Myriam; Gerring, Zachary; Grabe, Hans J.; Grodstein, Francine; Gudnason, Vilmundur; Simonsick, Eleanor; Holliday, Elizabeth G.; Joshi, Peter K.; Kajantie, Eero; Kaprio, Jaakko; Karell, Pauliina; Kleineidam, Luca; Knol, Maria J.; Kochan, Nicole A.; Kwok, John B.; Leber, Markus; Lam, Max; Lee, Teresa; Li, Shuo; Loukola, Anu; Luck, Tobias; Marioni, Riccardo E.; Mather, Karen A.; Medland, Sarah; Mirza, Saira S.; Nalls, Mike A.; Nho, Kwangsik; O'Donnell, Adrienne; Oldmeadow, Christopher; Painter, Jodie; Pattie, Alison; Reppermund, Simone; Risacher, Shannon L.; Rose, Richard J.; Sadashivaiah, Vijay; Scholz, Markus; Satizabal, Claudia L.; Schofield, Peter W.; Schraut, Katharina E.; Scott, Rodney J.; Simino, Jeannette; Smith, Albert V.; Smith, Jennifer A.; Stott, David J.; Surakka, Ida; Teumer, Alexander; Thalamuthu, Anbupalam; Trompet, Stella; Turner, Stephen T.; van der Lee, Sven J.; Villringer, Arno; Völker, Uwe; Wilson, Robert S.; Wittfeld, Katharina; Vuoksimaa, Eero; Xia, Rui; Yaffe, Kristine; Yu, Lei; Zare, Habil; Zhao, Wei; Ames, David; Attia, John; Bennett, David A.; Brodaty, Henry; Chasman, Daniel I.; Goldman, Aaron L.; Hayward, Caroline; Ikram, M. Arfan; Jukema, J. Wouter; Kardia, Sharon L.R.; Lencz, Todd; Loeffler, Markus; Mattay, Venkata S.; Palotie, Aarno; Psaty, Bruce M.; Ramirez, Alfredo; Ridker, Paul M.; Riedel-Heller, Steffi G.; Sachdev, Perminder S.; Saykin, Andrew J.; Scherer, Martin; Schofield, Peter R.; Sidney, Stephen; Starr, John M.; Trollor, Julian; Ulrich, William; Wagner, Michael; Weir, David R.; Wilson, James F.; Wright, Margaret J.; Weinberger, Daniel R.; Debette, Stephanie; Eriksson, Johan G.; Mosley, Thomas H., Jr.; Launer, Lenore J.; van Duijn, Cornelia M.; Deary, Ian J.; Seshadri, Sudha; Räikkönen, Katri; Radiology and Imaging Sciences, School of Medicine
    Understanding the genomic basis of memory processes may help in combating neurodegenerative disorders. Hence, we examined the associations of common genetic variants with verbal short-term memory and verbal learning in adults without dementia or stroke (N = 53,637). We identified novel loci in the intronic region of CDH18, and at 13q21 and 3p21.1, as well as an expected signal in the APOE/APOC1/TOMM40 region. These results replicated in an independent sample. Functional and bioinformatic analyses supported many of these loci and further implicated POC1. We showed that polygenic score for verbal learning associated with brain activation in right parieto-occipital region during working memory task. Finally, we showed genetic correlations of these memory traits with several neurocognitive and health outcomes. Our findings suggest a role of several genomic loci in verbal memory processes.
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    M1 muscarinic receptor is a key target of neuroprotection, neuroregeneration and memory recovery by i-Extract from Withania somnifera
    (Nature Research, 2019-09-30) Konar, Arpita; Gupta, Richa; Shukla, Rajendra K.; Maloney, Bryan; Khanna, Vinay K.; Wadhwa, Renu; Lahiri, Debomoy K.; Thakur, Mahendra K.; Psychiatry, School of Medicine
    Memory loss is one of the most tragic symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Our laboratory has recently demonstrated that 'i-Extract' of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) restores memory loss in scopolamine (SC)-induced mice. The prime target of i-Extract is obscure. We hypothesize that i-Extract may primarily target muscarinic subtype acetylcholine receptors that regulate memory processes. The present study elucidates key target(s) of i-Extract via cellular, biochemical, and molecular techniques in a relevant amnesia mouse model and primary hippocampal neuronal cultures. Wild type Swiss albino mice were fed i-Extract, and hippocampal cells from naïve mice were treated with i-Extract, followed by muscarinic antagonist (dicyclomine) and agonist (pilocarpine) treatments. We measured dendritic formation and growth by immunocytochemistry, kallikrein 8 (KLK8) mRNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and levels of KLK8 and microtubule-associated protein 2, c isoform (MAP2c) proteins by western blotting. We performed muscarinic receptor radioligand binding. i-Extract stimulated an increase in dendrite growth markers, KLK8 and MAP2. Scopolamine-mediated reduction was significantly reversed by i-Extract in mouse cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Our study identified muscarinic receptor as a key target of i-Extract, providing mechanistic evidence for its clinical application in neurodegenerative cognitive disorders.
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    Male and female impairments in odor span are observed in a rat model of PTSD
    (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 2022-12-21) McGonigle, Colleen E.; Lapish, Christopher C.; Logrip, Marian L.; Psychology, School of Science
    Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with neural and behavioral alterations in response to trauma exposure, including working memory impairments. Rodent models of PTSD have not fully investigated chronic or reactive working memory deficits, despite clinical relevance. The present study uses footshock to induce a posttraumatic stress state in male and female rats and evaluates the effect of footshock and trauma-paired odor cues on working memory performance in the odor span task. Results demonstrate the emergence of chronic deficits in working memory among animals exposed to footshock by 3 wk after traumatic stress. The presentation of a trauma-paired odor cue was associated with further decrement in working memory performance for male animals. Furthermore, anxiety-like behaviors associated with the PTSD-like phenotype could predict the degree of working memory impairment in response to the trauma-paired odor cue. This study enhances validation of an existing rodent model of PTSD through replication of the clinical observations of working memory deficits associated with PTSD and provides novel insight into effects in female rodents. This will facilitate work to probe underlying mechanistic dysregulation of working memory following footshock trauma exposure and future development of novel treatment strategies.
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    Remote Assessment of Verbal Memory in Youth With Cochlear Implants During the COVID-19 Pandemic
    (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2021) Kronenberger, William G.; Montgomery, Caitlin J.; Henning, Shirley C.; Ditmars, Allison; Johnson, Courtney A.; Herbert, Carolyn J.; Pisoni, David B.; Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine
    Purpose: Youth with cochlear implants (CIs) are at risk for delays in verbal short-term memory (STM)/working memory (WM), which adversely affect language, neurocognitive, and behavioral outcomes. Assessment of verbal STM/WM is critical for identifying and addressing these delays, but standard assessment procedures require face-to-face (FTF) administration. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility and validity of remote testing methods (teleassessment) of verbal STM/WM in youth with CIs as a method of addressing COVID-19–related restrictions on FTF test administration. Method: Tests of verbal STM/WM for nonwords, digit spans, letter–number sequences, sentences, and stories were individually administered by speech-language pathologists over a teleassessment platform to 28 youth (aged 9–22 years) with CIs and 36 same-aged normal-hearing peers. Examiners, parents, and participants completed quality and satisfaction ratings with the teleassessment procedure. Teleassessment scores were compared to results of tests obtained at FTF visits an average of 1.6 years earlier. Results: Quality and satisfaction ratings for teleassessment were high and in almost all cases did not differ between the CI and normal-hearing samples. Youth with CIs scored lower than normal-hearing peers on measures of verbal STM/WM, and scores for digit span and letter–number sequencing did not differbetween teleassessment and FTF methods. Correlations across teleassessment and FTF visits were strong for digit span, letter–number sequencing, and sentence memory, but were more modest for nonword repetition. Conclusion: With some caveats, teleassessment of verbal STM/WM was feasible and valid for youth with CIs.
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    Verbal Working Memory Error Patterns and Speech-Language Outcomes in Youth With Cochlear Implants
    (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2021) Romano, Daniel R.; Kronenberger, William G.; Henning, Shirley C.; Montgomery, Caitlin J.; Ditmars, Allison M.; Johnson, Courtney A.; Bozell, Hannah D.; Yates, Adeline D.; Pisoni, David B.; Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine
    Purpose: Verbal working memory (VWM) delays are commonly found in prelingually deaf youth with cochlear implants (CIs), albeit with considerable interindividual variability. However, little is known about the neurocognitive information-processing mechanisms underlying these delays and how these mechanisms relate to spoken language outcomes. The goal of this study was to use error analysis of the letter-number sequencing (LNS) task to test the hypothesis that VWM delays in CI users are due, in part, to fragile, underspecified phonological representations in short-term memory. Method: Fifty-one CI users aged 7-22 years and 53 normal hearing (NH) peers completed a battery of speech, language, and neurocognitive tests. LNS raw scores and error profiles were compared between samples, and a hierarchical regression model was used to test for associations with measures of speech, language, and hearing. Results: Youth with CIs scored lower on the LNS test than NH peers and committed a significantly higher number of errors involving phonological confusions (recalling an incorrect letter/digit in place of a phonologically similar one). More phonological errors were associated with poorer performance on measures of nonword repetition and following spoken directions but not with hearing quality. Conclusions: Study findings support the hypothesis that poorer VWM in deaf children with CIs is due, in part, to fragile, underspecified phonological representations in short-term/working memory, which underlie spoken language delays. Programs aimed at strengthening phonological representations may improve VWM and spoken language outcomes in CI users.