Browsing by Subject "Self-efficacy"
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Item Community-Based Exercise Program Attendance and Exercise Self-Efficacy in African American Women(2014-01-29) Virgil, Kisha Marie; Mikesky, Alan E.; Keith, NiCole R.; De Groot, Mary K.; Hess, Lisa M.; Mushi-Brunt, Christina R.Rates of chronic disease and physical inactivity are disproportionately high among African American women. Despite the known benefits of physical activity and an increasing number of programs designed to increase activity, attendance rates to many exercise programs remain low. There is much to learn about program types, such as healthy lifestyle programs (HLP); individual factors, such as self-efficacy; and mediating variables that may influence exercise program attendance. An observational study design was used to compare exercise self-efficacy and attendance in a community-based exercise program in African American women who were enrolled in a HLP (N = 53) to women who were not (N = 27). Exercise program attendance was gathered across six months; demographics, self-efficacy and physical activity behaviors were assessed through surveys; and physiological variables (resting heart rate and blood pressure, height, and weight) and physical fitness (muscular strength and endurance and cardiovascular endurance) were measured at baseline. Descriptive statistics were used to describe participants and groups were compared using T-tests, chi-square and non-parametric statistics. Finally, mediation analyses were conducted using multiple regression models to assess self-efficacy as a potential mediator to exercise program attendance. Women who enrolled in this study were of low income (61% having an annual income less than $20,000), obese with a mean (standard deviation) body mass index (BMI) of 37.7 (7.6), pre-hypertensive with a mean (standard deviation) systolic blood pressure of 125.9 (14.4), and scored poorly and marginally on two fitness tests. On average, women reported being Moderately Confident in their ability to exercise regularly, yet had low attendance in the exercise program with a median number .5 days over six months and there were no significant differences in exercise self-efficacy (p = .23) or attendance in the exercise program between groups (p = .79). Additionally, exercise self-efficacy was not a mediating variable to program attendance. Women in this study had little discretionary income and several chronic disease risk factors, yet exercise program attendance was low even in those enrolled in a HLP. Identifying factors that increase exercise self-efficacy and factors that influence attendance beyond self-efficacy may help future program design and attendance.Item Efficacy of a 4-part program on brain development(Cambridge University Press, 2018-06) Silver, Emily; Michael, Nancy; Medicine, School of MedicineOBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: (1) Provide basic brain knowledge about development and resiliency. (2) Develop an understanding of how a mother can impact a child’s brain development. (3) Foster a sense of agency to increase the likelihood that a mother will enact positive changes. (4) Develop the ability to recognize a connection between one’s own behaviors and a child’s development and behaviors. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Tested the efficacy of a 4-week intervention program on neurodevelopment for homeless mothers. Mothers (n=4) residing at the Center for the Homeless in South Bend, IN were recruited. Used community partner feedback, weekly surveys, and pre/post tests to look at changes in basic content knowledge, behavioral change, and self-efficacy. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Preliminary results indicate an increase in knowledge about neurodevelopment, although results on behavioral changes are inconclusive. The program is anticipated to run a second time with a new group of parents residing in the Center for the Homeless to increase sample size. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Anticipated that the results will add to the existing literature concerning effective interventions in strengthening parenting and neuroscience knowledge in vulnerable populations.Item Impact of a multimedia educational tool incorporating theoretical and mixed methods on the fruit and vegetable intakes of middle school children(2017-12-11) Whelan, JoAnne Louise; Arnold, Brent; Ernst, Judith; Staten, Lisa; Magee, PaulaIn the United States, over 30 percent of children are categorized as overweight or obese. Comorbid conditions, such as cardiovascular disease and other health complications related to obesity, are also on the rise. This public health issue is often related to disproportionate dietary intake and lack of physical activity. Efforts that promote fruits and vegetables (F/V) as preferred food choices over high fat and high sugar foods may help combat the increasing incidence of overweight and obesity. Other benefits from F/V include prebiotics or fiber that helps to create and maintain a healthy microbiota, which is now recognized as essential for long-term positive health outcomes. Many children, however, fall short in consuming the recommended daily amounts of F/V servings, and therefore, lack key nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, phytonutrients and fiber. This study is a pilot, quasi-experimental design that provides information related to the importance of eating F/V to children, ages 11-12 years, who attend a parochial school in Indianapolis, Indiana. The data from this study describe the amounts of F/V servings in home-prepared school lunches. The primary aim of this study is to determine if eight interactive multimedia lessons and activities delivered to one group of students (intervention) and a single lesson delivered to a different group of students in the same school and grade (control), affects the amount of lunch F/V servings, student knowledge, attitude, and self-efficacy/perception. This baseline data will contribute to the design and implementation of a health curriculum for middle school age students. Focus groups, adapted validated assessment tools as well as the on-site observation of F/V servings brought in lunches and consumed at lunch are compared between both groups to document any effects of the instruction. The results show that a statistically significant change in knowledge occurred within the intervention group following the implementation of this F/V education series. Favorable findings, with a positive upward trend in relative amounts of F/V, were identified and more research in this area is warranted.Item Impact of self-efficacy and demographic factors on adherence to treatment in glaucoma patients of African descent(Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science Journal, 2017) Alkhairy, Sameerah; Chu, Fang-I; Ramezani, Koosha; McIntyre, Elizabeth; Sutton, Bradley; Torbit, Julie; Bigatti, SilviaPurpose : To determine whether self-efficacy and demographic factors influence adherence to the medical treatment of glaucoma in patients of African descent. Methods : 37 patients with a clinical diagnosis of primary open-angle glaucoma were included in this cross-sectional study. All patients were of African descent, used self-administered once-daily prostaglandin analog eye drops. Adherence was measured in 34 patients during a one-month period (mean 28.8 days) using Medical Event Monitoring System (MEMS) caps. The caps of these bottles electronically record the date and time at which the bottle is opened. All patients completed the four following questionnaires: Q1) glaucoma medication self-efficacy scale, Q2) eye drop technique self-efficacy scale, Q3) reported adherence to medication questionnaire and Q4) brief illness perception questionnaire. All answers were treated as ordinal variable and total scores for each questionnaire were computed. The impact of these four self-efficacy scores on adherence was assessed using linear regression models. We also determined how demographic factors (age, gender, education, marital status, employment status, and income) modulated this relationship. Finally, we assessed the influence of these demographic factors on the self-efficacy scores. Results : The mean age was 60.89±9.81 and 45.95% of patients were female. Eye drop technique self-efficacy (Q2) had a borderline negative impact on adherence (slope=−3.64, p=0.05), such that higher self-efficacy resulted in lower adherence. This result was minimized by being older (p=0.03) or divorced/separated (p=0.04) compared to being single/widowed (increase in the impact of self-efficacy on adherence). Similarly, the relationship between glaucoma medication self-efficacy (Q1) and adherence was negatively modulated by being married/partnered (p=0.04) compared to being single/widowed (decrease in the impact of self-efficacy on adherence). A negative impact of being male was also observed on Q1 (score=−6.28, p=0.05). Conclusions : Overall, patients who were confident in how to administer their eye drops had worse adherence, but this effect was minimized in older and divorced individuals. Overall, being male had a negative impact on self-efficacy as it relates to glaucoma medication. These results suggest that the relationship between self-efficacy and adherence is complex and affected by several factors. This is an abstract that was submitted for the 2017 ARVO Annual Meeting, held in Baltimore, MD, May 7-11, 2017.Item "Is it Time to Stop Driving?" A Randomized Trial of an Online Decision Aid for Older Drivers(Oxford University Press, 2022-12-20) Omeragic, Faris; Meador, Lauren; Fowler, Nicole; Johnson, Rachel; Boland, Elizabeth; Peterson, Ryan; Betz, Marian; Medicine, School of MedicineThe decision to stop or continue driving can be challenging for older adults. In a prospective two-arm randomized trial, we sought to test whether an online driving decision aid (DDA) would improve decision quality. We recruited 301 English-speaking licensed drivers, age ≥70 years, without significant cognitive impairment but with ≥1 diagnosis associated with increased likelihood of driving cessation, from clinics associated with study sites in three states. They were randomized to view 1) the online Healthwise® DDA for older adults addressing “Is it time to stop driving?”; or 2) a control condition of web-based information. Our primary outcome was decision conflict as estimated by the Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS; lower scores indicate higher quality). Secondary outcomes were knowledge and decision self-efficacy about driving decisions. We examined differences in post-randomization outcomes by study arm using generalized linear mixed-effects models with adjustment for site and pre-randomization scores. Intervention participants had a lower mean DCS score (12.3 DDA vs 15.2 control; p=0.017) and a higher mean knowledge score (88.9 DDA vs 79.9 control; p=0.038); we found no difference between groups in self-efficacy scores. The DDA had high acceptability; 86.9% of those who viewed it said they would recommend it to others in similar situations.The online Healthwise® DDA decreased decision conflict and increased knowledge in this sample of English-speaking, older adults without significant cognitive impairment. Use of such resources in clinical or community settings may support older adults as they transition from driving to other forms of mobility.Item Motivating Self-Efficacy in Diverse Biomedical Science Post-baccalaureate and Graduate Students Through Scientific Conference Implementation(Frontiers Media, 2021) Boehmer, Kasey R.; De Souza, Suelen Lucio Boschen; Doles, Jason D.; Lachman, Nirusha; Mays, Dennis; Hedin, Karen E.; Dornink, Cheryl A.; Maher, Louis J.; Lujan, J. Luis; Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, School of MedicineTactics to increase the number of underrepresented (UR) students in biomedical research PhD training programs have not yet translated to UR faculty numbers that reflect the diversity of the United States. Continued interventions are required to build skills beyond those that result in placement into a PhD program. We hypothesize that successful interventions must build skills that give UR students foundations for confident self-efficacy in leadership. We seek interventions that allow UR students to envision themselves as successful faculty. We posit that development of such skills is difficult in the classroom or laboratory alone. Therefore, novel interventions are required. As part of the NIH-funded Post-baccalaureate Research Education Program (PREP) and Initiative for Maximizing Student Development (IMSD) at the Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, we designed and implemented a unique intervention to support development of student leadership skills: a biannual student-organized and student-led national research conference titled "Scientific Innovation Through Diverse Perspectives" (SITDP). This initiative is based on the concept that students who actively live out realistic roles as scientific leaders will be encouraged to persist to scientific leadership as faculty. Here we describe the motivation for, design of, and outcomes from, the first three pilot conferences of this series. We further discuss approaches needed to rigorously evaluate the effectiveness of such interventions in the future.Item Posttraumatic Stress and Depressive Symptoms and Symptom Clusters in US Military Personnel: The Longitudinal Effects of General Self-Efficacy and Meaning in Life(2022-08) Fischer, Ian; Rand, Kevin L; Davis, Louanne W; Cyders, Melissa A; Salyers, Michelle PUS military personnel often experience ongoing distress after being exposed to traumatic events, and many develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Both general theories of stress and coping and cognitive theories of PTSD suggest that traumatic events give rise to distress by negatively influencing important beliefs and goals related to the self, other people, and the world. According to these theories, more positive belief- and goal-systems are associated with less severe symptoms of distress. Two constructs that tap into these systems are general self-efficacy and subjective meaning in life. The overall goal of the current study was to examine the ways general self-efficacy and subjective meaning in life relate to posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms and symptom clusters in US military personnel, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Data from a VA-funded intervention study (n = 191) were examined. Results demonstrated that meaning in life is consistently associated with posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms and symptom clusters cross-sectionally, whereas general self-efficacy is only associated with some aspects of depressive symptoms. Longitudinal analyses further revealed that meaning in life is associated with the Cluster D symptoms of PTSD and the cognitive-affective symptoms of depression. Interpretations, possible explanations, implications, and future directions are provided. Continued research in this area may identify important targets for treatment that enhance ongoing efforts to facilitate recovery from trauma.Item Predictors of Physical Activity in Patients with Fibromyalgia: A Path Analysis(Wolters Kluwer, 2022) Kaleth, Anthony S.; Bigatti, Silvia M.; Slaven, James E.; Kelly, Nicholas; Ang, Dennis C.; Kinesiology, School of Health and Human SciencesBackground/objective: The aim of this study was to identify psychological factors that influence moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) participation in patients with fibromyalgia. Methods: In this secondary data analysis, 170 patients received personalized exercise plans and completed baseline and follow-up assessments of self-reported physical activity at weeks 12, 24, and 36. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the predictive strengths of psychological factors (exercise self-efficacy, perceived barriers, and intention) on MVPA participation. Results: Using a threshold increase in MVPA of 10 or greater metabolic equivalent hours per week (MET h/wk), 3 groups were defined based on subjects who achieved a minimum increase of 10 MET h/wk that was sustained for at least 12 weeks (SUS-PA), achieved an increase of 10 MET h/wk that was not sustained for at least 12 weeks (UNSUS-PA), and did not achieve an increase of 10 MET h/wk (LO-PA). Increases in exercise self-efficacy and intention and reductions in perceived barriers were associated with increased volume of PA, showing the greatest change in the SUS-PA, followed by UNSUS-PA. For the LO-PA group, there was no change in exercise self-efficacy, a decrease in intention, and an increase in barriers. Using path analysis, exercise self-efficacy and perceived barriers were associated with higher volumes of physical activity via greater intention to engage in MVPA. Conclusions: For patients with fibromyalgia, exercise self-efficacy, perceived barriers, and intention to exercise are important constructs for increasing physical activity. Our findings provide guidance for practitioners who seek to promote physical activity in fibromyalgia and suggestions for researchers aiming to improve prediction models.Item Relations of Social Maturity, Executive Function, and Self-Efficacy Among Deaf University Students(Taylor & Francis, 2018) Marschark, Marc; Walton, Dawn; Crowe, Kathryn; Borgna, Georgianna; Kronenberger, William G.; Psychiatry, School of MedicineThis study explored possible associations of social maturity, executive function (EF), self-efficacy, and communication variables among deaf university students, both cochlear implant (CI) users and nonusers. Previous studies have demonstrated differences between deaf and hearing children and young adults in EF and EF-related social and cognitive functioning. EF differences also have been demonstrated between hearing children and deaf children who use CIs. Long-term influences of cochlear implantation in the social domain largely have not been explored, but were examined in the present study in terms of social maturity, as it might be related to EF and communication variables. Replicating and extending recent findings, social maturity was found to be related to somewhat different aspects of EF in CI users, deaf nonusers, and hearing students, but unrelated to hearing status, CI use, or deaf students' use of sign language versus spoken language. Self-efficacy proved a predictor of self-reported socially mature and immature behaviours for all groups. Individuals' beliefs about their parents' views of such behaviours was a potent predictor of behaviours for deaf CI users and those deaf students who reported sign language as their best form of communication.Item Self-efficacy and HPV Vaccine Attitudes Mediate the Relationship Between Social Norms and Intentions to Receive the HPV Vaccine Among College Students(SpringerLink, 2020-12) Stout, Madison E.; Christy, Sharon M.; Winger, Joseph G.; Vadaparampil, Susan T.; Mosher, Catherine E.; Psychology, School of ScienceHuman papillomavirus (HPV) has been linked to genital warts and multiple cancers affecting both men and women. Despite college students’ high risk for HPV, their vaccination rates remain suboptimal. The current observational study examined the relationship between social norms and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine intentions and potential mechanisms underlying this relationship among undergraduates. Participants (N=190; 66.8% female) completed a survey assessing HPV vaccine social norms, attitudes, self-efficacy, and intentions. Three mediation analyses were conducted to examine whether self-efficacy and attitudes mediated the relationship between social norms (i.e., parents, friends, doctor) and intentions, controlling for demographic and health care covariates. Social norms were indirectly related to intentions through self-efficacy and attitudes in multiple models (ps<.05). Specifically, perceiving greater support for HPV vaccination from one’s friends, parents, and doctor was related to greater HPV vaccine self-efficacy, which, in turn, was related to increased vaccine intentions. In addition, perceiving greater parental and doctor support for HPV vaccination was related to more favorable attitudes towards the vaccine, which, in turn, were related to increased vaccine intentions. Findings suggest potential targets for future interventions to promote HPV vaccination among young adults.