Browsing by Subject "Running"
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Item Multidirectional basketball activities load different regions of the tibia: A subject-specific muscle-driven finite element study(Elsevier, 2022) Yan, Chenxi; Bice, Ryan J.; Frame, Jeff W.; Warden, Stuart J.; Kersh, Mariana E.; Physical Therapy, School of Health and Human SciencesThe tibia is a common site for bone stress injuries, which are believed to develop from microdamage accumulation to repetitive sub-yield strains. There is a need to understand how the tibia is loaded in vivo to understand how bone stress injuries develop and design exercises to build a more robust bone. Here, we use subject-specific, muscle-driven, finite element simulations of 11 basketball players to calculate strain and strain rate distributions at the midshaft and distal tibia during six activities: walking, sprinting, lateral cut, jumping after landing, changing direction from forward-to-backward sprinting, and changing direction while side shuffling. Maximum compressive strains were at least double maximum tensile strains during the stance phase of all activities. Sprinting and lateral cut had the highest compressive (-2,862 ± 662 με and -2,697 ± 495 με, respectively) and tensile (973 ± 208 με and 942 ± 223 με, respectively) strains. These activities also had the highest strains rates (peak compressive strain rate = 64,602 ± 19,068 με/s and 37,961 ± 14,210 με/s, respectively). Compressive strains principally occurred in the posterior tibia for all activities; however, tensile strain location varied. Activities involving a change in direction increased tensile loads in the anterior tibia. These observations may guide preventative and management strategies for tibial bone stress injuries. In terms of prevention, the strain distributions suggest individuals should perform activities involving changes in direction during growth to adapt different parts of the tibia and develop a more fatigue resistant bone. In terms of management, the greater strain and strain rates during sprinting than jumping suggests jumping activities may be commenced earlier than full pace running. The greater anterior tensile strains during changes in direction suggest introduction of these types of activities should be delayed during recovery from an anterior tibial bone stress injury, which have a high-risk of healing complications.Item Preventing Bone Stress Injuries in Runners with Optimal Workload(Springer, 2021) Warden, Stuart J.; Edwards, W. Brent; Willy, Richard W.; Physical Therapy, School of Health and Human SciencesBone stress injuries (BSIs) occur at inopportune times to invariably interrupt training. All BSIs in runners occur due to an "error" in workload wherein the interaction between the number and magnitude of bone tissue loading cycles exceeds the ability of the tissue to resist the repetitive loads. There is not a single optimal bone workload, rather a range which is influenced by the prevailing scenario. In prepubertal athletes, optimal bone workload consists of low-repetitions of fast, high-magnitude, multidirectional loads introduced a few times per day to induce bone adaptation. Premature sports specialization should be avoided so as to develop a robust skeleton that is structurally optimized to withstand multidirectional loading. In the mature skeleton, optimal workload enables gains in running performance but minimizes bone damage accumulation by sensibly progressing training, particularly training intensity. When indicated (e.g., following repeated BSIs), attempts to reduce bone loading magnitude should be considered, such as increasing running cadence. Determining the optimal bone workload for an individual athlete to prevent and manage BSIs requires consistent monitoring. In the future, it may be possible to clinically determine bone loads at the tissue level to facilitate workload progressions and prescriptions.Item Running and Art and Therapy: A Combined Approach to Reducing State Anxiety(2019) Collins, Anne; Leigh, HeatherThis study is a one-group, pre-/post-test design that uses a self-report to measure anxiety levels. It seeks to determine if running and kinesthetic art making can have an impact on decreasing symptoms of anxiety and whether combining art making and running will have a greater impact on reduction in symptoms. To date, little research has been done combining treatment methods to help decrease symptoms of anxiety. This research also looks at how anxiety is experienced in the mind (cognitive) and the body (somatic) and how treatment can be adapted to target specific symptoms. This research utilized the State Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (STICSA) to determine what types of anxiety experienced by the researcher and what type of intervention, running or art making, would have a greater impact in reducing types of anxiety. Results showed an overall decrease in STICSA scores over the three-week study period. Running decreased both cognitive and somatic scores and art making showed the greatest decrease in cognitive scores. When running and art making were combined, results demonstrated further reduction in the somatic symptom category. The results indicated that both art as therapy and running as therapy have an impact on anxiety. Additional research would be beneficial to understand how these combined therapies could be applied to reduce the cognitive and somatic symptoms of anxiety.Item Why is it easier to run in the cold?(Taylor & Francis, 2016-06-17) Molkova, Yaroslav I.; Zaretsky, Dmitry V.; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, IU School of MedicineComment on: Exercise activates compensatory thermoregulatory reaction in rats: a modeling study.