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Item An Adaptive Chlamydia trachomatis-Specific IFN-γ-Producing CD4+ T Cell Response Is Associated With Protection Against Chlamydia Reinfection in Women(Frontiers, 2018-09-07) Bakshi, Rakesh K.; Gupta, Kanupriya; Jordan, Stephen J.; Chi, Xiaofei; Lensing, Shelly Y.; Press, Christen G.; Geisler, William M.; Medicine, School of MedicineBackground: Adaptive immune responses that mediate protection against Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) remain poorly defined in humans. Animal chlamydia models have demonstrated that CD4+ Th1 cytokine responses mediate protective immunity against reinfection. To better understand protective immunity to CT in humans, we investigated whether select CT-specific CD4+ Th1 and CD8+ T cell cytokine responses were associated with protection against CT reinfection in women. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from 135 CT-infected women at treatment and follow-up visits and stimulated with CT antigens. CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells expressing IFN-γ, TNF-α, and/or IL-2 were assessed using intracellular cytokine staining and cytokine responses were compared between visits and between women with vs. without CT reinfection at follow-up. Results: A CD4+TNF-α response was detected in the majority (77%) of study participants at the treatment visit, but a lower proportion had this response at follow-up (62%). CD4+ IFN-γ and CD4+ IL-2 responses occurred less frequently at the treatment visit (32 and 18%, respectively), but increased at follow-up (51 and 41%, respectively). CD8+ IFN-γ and CD8+ TNF-α responses were detected more often at follow-up (59% for both responses) compared to the treatment visit (30% for both responses). At follow-up, a CD4+IFN-γ response was detected more often in women without vs. with reinfection (60 vs. 33%, P = 0.005). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that a CT-specific CD4+ IFN-γ response is associated with protective immunity against CT reinfection and is thus an important component of adaptive immunity to CT in women.Item Characteristics of Chemosensory Perception in Long COVID and COVID Reinfection(MDPI, 2023-05-22) Jaramillo, Mikki; Thyvalikakath, Thankam P.; Eckert, George; Srinivasan, Mythily; Oral Pathology, Medicine and Radiology, School of DentistryEmerging data suggest an increasing prevalence of persistent symptoms in individuals affected by coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). The objective of this study was to determine the relative frequency of altered taste and smell in COVID reinfection (multiple COVID positive tests) and long COVID (one COVID positive test). We sent an electronic survey to patients in the Indiana University Health COVID registry with positive COVID test results, querying if they were experiencing symptoms consistent with long COVID including altered chemosensory perceptions. Among the 225 respondents, a greater long COVID burden and COVID reinfection was observed in women. Joint pain was reported as the most common symptom experienced by 18% of individuals in the long COVID cohort. In the COVID reinfection cohort >20% of individuals reported headache, joint pain, and cough. Taste perception worse than pre-COVID was reported by 29% and 42% of individuals in the long COVID and COVID reinfection cohorts, respectively. Smell perception worse than pre-COVID was reported by 37% and 46% of individuals in long COVID and COVID reinfection cohorts, respectively. Further, Chi-square test suggested significant association between pre-COVID severity of taste/smell perception and headache in both cohorts. Our findings highlight the prevalence of persistent chemosensory dysfunction for two years and longer in long COVID and COVID reinfection.Item Epidemiological assessment of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection(Elsevier, 2022) Almadhi, Marwa; Alsayyad, Adel Salman; Conroy, Ronan; Atkin, Stephen; Al Awadhi, Abdulla; Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A.; AlQahtani, Manaf; Medicine, School of MedicineObjectives: SARS-CoV-2 vaccination has been shown to reduce infection severity; however, the reinfection frequency among unvaccinated, partially vaccinated, and fully vaccinated individuals remains unclear. This study aims to elucidate the rates of and factors associated with such occurrences. Methods: This retrospective epidemiological report included 1362 COVID-19 reinfection cases in Bahrain between April 2020 and July 2021. We analyzed differences in disease severity and reinfection characteristics among various vaccination statuses: fully vaccinated, interrupted vaccination, one-dose vaccination, postreinfection vaccination, and unvaccinated. Results: Reinfection cases increased from zero per month in April-June 2020 to a sharp peak of 579 in May 2021. A significantly larger proportion of reinfected individuals were male (60.3%, P <0.0001). Reinfection episodes were highest among those 30-39 years of age (29.7%). The fewest reinfection episodes occurred at 3-6 months after the first infection (20.6%) and most occurred ≥9 months after the initial infection (46.4%). Most individuals were asymptomatic during both episodes (35.7%). Reinfection disease severity was mild, with vaccinated patients less likely to have symptomatic reinfection (odds ratio 0.71, P = 0.004). Only 6.6% of reinfected patients required hospitalization. One death was recorded; the patient belonged to the unvaccinated group. Conclusion: Vaccine-induced immunity and previous infection with or without vaccination were effective in reducing reinfection disease severity.Item Neutrophil functional profiling and cytokine augmentation for patients with multiple recurrent infections: A case study(Elsevier, 2021) Alexander, Natalie J.; Bozym, David J.; Farmer, Joceyln R.; Parris, Priscilla; Viens, Adam; Atallah, Natalie; Hopke, Alex; Scherer, Allison; Dagher, Zeina; Barros, Nicolas; Knooihuizen, Sally A.I.; Saff, Sally Rebecca R.; Pasternack, Mark S.; Thompson, Ryan W.; Irimia, Daniel; Mansour, Michael K.; Medicine, School of MedicineItem SARS-CoV-2 reinfections in a US university setting, Fall 2020 to Spring 2021(BMC, 2022-07-04) Rosenberg, Molly; Chen, Chen; Golzarri‑Arroyo, Lilian; Carroll, Aaron; Menachemi, Nir; Ludema, Christina; Health Policy and Management, School of Public HealthBackground: SARS-CoV-2 reinfections are a public health concern because of the potential for transmission and clinical disease, and because of our limited understanding of whether and how well an infection confers protection against subsequent infections. Despite the public health importance, few studies have reported rigorous estimates of reinfection risk. Methods: Leveraging Indiana University's comprehensive testing program to identify both asymptomatic and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 cases, we estimated the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection among students, faculty, and staff across the 2020-2021 academic year. We contextualized the reinfection data with information on key covariates: age, sex, Greek organization membership, student vs faculty/staff affiliation, and testing type. Results: Among 12,272 people with primary infections, we found a low level of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections (0.6%; 0.4 per 10,000 person-days). We observed higher risk for SARS-CoV-2 reinfections in Greek-affiliated students. Conclusions: We found evidence for low levels of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in a large multi-campus university population during a time-period prior to widespread COVID-19 vaccination.