Browsing by Subject "Racism"
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Item Activism and Preservation: Fred Wilson’s E Pluribus Unum(Indiana University, 2013-01-25) Cooks, BridgetItem Affordability, negative experiences, perceived racism, and health care system distrust among black American women aged 45 and over(AIMS Press, 2024-09-26) Wiltshire, Jacqueline; Sampson, Carla Jackie; Liu, Echu; DeBose, Myra Michelle; Musey, Paul I., Jr.; Elder, Keith; Community and Global Health, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public HealthBlack Americans (AA) face a confluence of challenges when seeking care including unaffordable costs, negative experiences with providers, racism, and distrust in the healthcare system. This study utilized linear regressions and mediation analysis to explore the interconnectedness of these challenges within a community-based sample of 313 AA women aged 45 and older. Approximately 23% of participants reported affordability problems, while 44% had a negative experience with a provider. In the initial linear regression model excluding perceived racism, higher levels of distrust were observed among women reporting affordability problems (β = 2.66; p = 0.003) or negative experiences with a healthcare provider (β = 3.02; p = <0.001). However, upon including perceived racism in the model, it emerged as a significant predictor of distrust (β = 0.81; p = < 0.001), attenuating the relationships between affordability and distrust (β = 1.74; p = 0.030) and negative experience with a provider and distrust (β = 1.79; p = 0.009). Mediation analysis indicated that perceived racism mediated approximately 35% and 41% of the relationships between affordability and distrust and negative experience with a provider and distrust, respectively. These findings underscore the critical imperative of addressing racism in the efforts to mitigate racial disparities in healthcare. Future research should explore the applicability of these findings to other marginalized populations.Item Aging With Incarceration Histories: An Intersectional Examination of Incarceration and Health Among Older Adults(Oxford University Press, 2024-12-31) Latham-Mintus, Kenzie; Deck, Monica; Nelson, Elizabeth; Sociology, School of Liberal ArtsObjectives: Experiences with incarceration are linked to poor mental and physical health across the life course. The purpose of this research is to examine whether incarceration histories are associated with worse physical and mental health among older adults. We apply an intersectionality framework and consider how the intersection of sexism and racism leads to unequal health outcomes following incarceration among women and people of color. Methods: We employ 2 measures of health (i.e., number of depressive symptoms and physical limitations) to broadly capture mental and physical health. Using data from Waves 11 and 12 of the Health and Retirement Study, we estimated a series of general linear models to analyze differences in health by incarceration history, gender/sex, and race/ethnicity. Results: Findings suggest that experiences with incarceration are associated with a greater number of physical limitations and more depressive symptoms among older men and women, net of sociodemographic characteristics, early-life conditions, and lifetime stressful events. Formerly incarcerated women, particularly women of color, had more physical limitations and depressive symptoms relative to other groups. Discussion: These findings suggest that incarceration histories have far-reaching health implications. Older women of color with incarceration histories experience markedly high levels of physical limitations and depressive symptoms in later life.Item Are the racial disparities in school discipline the result of or a function of systemic racism mediated by educators' dispositions?(2015-08-28) Williams, Nathaniel Andrew; Scheurich, James Joseph; Hughes, Robin Lee; Skiba, Russell; Murtadha, Khaula H.With over 40 years of research on the well-documented issue of racial disparities in school discipline, scholars have begun to explore a plethora of plausible causalities for this phenomenon. Recent literature on the causal agents have centered on cultural differences and/or racial prejudices held by educators. Building from this emerging logic, this dissertation specifically focused on the disposition (e.g. enduring traits, character type, mentality, and temperament) of educators and its influence, if any, on discipline-related outcomes. Additionally, this exploratory study sought to build a conceptual map for future research to explore how educators' dispositions may act as conduits between systemic racism and the historic racial disparities in discipline-related outcomes. Through an intensive, multiyear embedded case study of four middle schools with both high and low rates of racial disproportionality in school discipline and with the creation and use of the Four Domains, this dissertation explored whether discipline-related outcomes are the result of systemic racism mediated by educators' dispositions. Findings from the analysis suggested the existence of shared characteristics among the dispositions of those categorized as high and low referring. Specific to those findings, trends within low referring teachers suggested that low referring teachers maintain high and consistent expectations of student behavior, but allowed for flexibility in how their discipline response was mediated out among their students. Despite a deferred approach within discipline response, low referring teachers were consistent and did not show favoritism. On the contrary, high referring teachers were inconsistent with their responses and demonstrated biases in actions and beliefs. Accordingly, it was found that high referring teachers held racially deficit beliefs about Black students and their families. Additionally, high referring teachers were more represented by the Four Domains in comparison to lower referring teachers. As a result, findings from the Four Domains support the existence of a causal link among systemic racism, higher referring teachers, and racial disparities in school discipline. In particular, it was found that classroom teachers engage in and hold racially deficit views of Blacks and these same teachers disproportionately refer Black students for out-of-school suspension.Item Asian Americans: The Overrepresented Minority?: Dispelling the ‘Model Minority’ Myth(Wolters Kluwer, 2020-07-01) Yu, Corinna J.; Anesthesia, School of MedicineItem Beyond diversity and inclusion: Developing a research agenda for anti‐racism in emergency medicine education(Wiley, 2023-06-27) Ordonez, Edgardo; Bradby, Cassandra; Carey, Jennifer; Gupta, Sanjey; Hiller, Katherine M.; Miller, Danielle; Pierce, Ava; Wiesendanger, Kathryn; Moffett, Shannon; Emergency Medicine, School of MedicineBackground: Addressing racism in emergency medicine education is vital for providing optimal training and assessment of physicians in the specialty, developing physicians with the skills necessary to advocate for their patients, and recruiting and retaining a diverse group of physicians. To form a prioritized research agenda, the Society of Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) conducted a consensus conference at the annual meeting in May 2022 on addressing racism in emergency medicine, which included a subgroup on education. Methods: The education workgroup worked on summarizing the current literature on addressing racism in emergency medicine education, identifying critical knowledge gaps, and creating a consensus-driven research agenda for addressing racism in emergency medicine education. We used a nominal group technique and modified Delphi to develop priority questions for research. We then distributed a pre-conference survey to conference registrants to rate priority areas for research. During the consensus conference, group leaders provided an overview and background describing the rationale for the preliminary research question list. Attendees were then involved in discussions to help modify and develop research questions. Results: Nineteen questions were initially selected by the education workgroup as potential areas for research. The education workgroup's next round of consensus building resulted in a consensus of ten questions to be included in the pre-conference survey. No questions in the pre-conference survey reached consensus. After robust discussion and voting by workgroup members and attendees at the consensus conference, six questions were determined to be priority research areas. Conclusions: We believe recognizing and addressing racism in emergency medicine education is imperative. Critical gaps in curriculum design, assessment, bias training, allyship, and the learning environment negatively impact training programs. These gaps must be prioritized for research as they can have adverse effects on recruitment, the ability to promote a safe learning environment, patient care, and patient outcomes.Item Catalyzing Restructure of a Broken Healthcare System(American Heart Association, 2024) Breathett, Khadijah; Manning, Kimberly D.; Medicine, School of MedicineItem Communities in Conflict: Memorializing Martin Luther King, Jr.(Indiana University, 2013-01-25) Ater, RenéeItem Community Centered Approaches to Increase Participation of African Americans in Brain Health and ADRD Research(Oxford University Press, 2022-12-20) Barnes, Priscilla; Cureton, Bianca; Jessup, Nenette; Sutton, Natalie; Hill, Carl; Shih, Patrick; Hendrie, Hugh; Lu, Yvonne; School of NursingAfrican Americans/Blacks continue to be underrepresented as participants in Alzheimer’s Disease and related dementia (ADRD) and brain research. Numerous challenges such as lack of information about the Alzheimer’s Disease and related dementia (ADRD), socioeconomic barriers, historical and systemic racism, and distrust of research goals and processes persist in research participation. Research approaches tend to be more recruitment oriented rather than partnership driven that do not address these challenges. As a result, community engagement approaches are increasingly being recognized as a means of building trust and creating new pathways for participation in ADRD studies. This poster focuses on the preliminary work of the Collaborative on Aging Research and Engagement (CARE) --- a community academic partnership comprising the CARE Advisory Team (a community action team of 10 African American leaders), Alzheimer’s Association, the Alzheimer’s Association Greater Indiana Chapter, IU Schools of Nursing, Public Health, and Informatics, Computer Science, and Engineering, and the Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center. The goal of the partnership is to facilitate active engagement of African Americans aged 45 years and older in research opportunities taking place in in Central and Northwest Indiana. Experiences and perspectives shared at the CARE Advisory Team meetings as well as memos from the researcher staff generated five lessons learned in building relationship oriented, as opposed to recruitment driven, processes. These lessons will be used to develop a community engagement framework focused on the integration of culturally relevant outreach practices in promoting ADRD research opportunities in African American/Black communities.Item Contexts of Time and Space(Indiana University, 2013-01-25) Kyrder-Reid, Elizabeth; Pierce, Richard; Mullins, Paul R.; Upton, DellPanel including: Elizabeth Kryder-Reid, Introduction. Richard Pierce, “We’ve Been Trying To Tell You: African-American Protest in Indianapolis.” Paul Mullins “Racializing the City: An Archaeology of Urban Renewal and Black Indianapolis.” Dell Upton, “Dual Heritages: The New Face of White Supremacy in the Old South.”