Browsing by Subject "Power"
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Item Early-life trauma alters hippocampal function during an episodic memory task in adulthood(2017-05-02) Janetsian-Fritz, Sarine S.; Lapish, Christopher; Sangha, Susan; Goodlett, Charles; Neal-Beliveau, BethanyEarly life trauma is a risk factor for a number of neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia (SZ) and depression. Animal models have played a critical role in understanding how early-life trauma may evoke changes in behavior and biomarkers of altered brain function that resemble these neuropsychiatric disorders. However, since SZ is a complex condition with multifactorial etiology, it is difficult to model the breadth of this condition in a single animal model. Considering this, it is necessary to develop rodent models with clearly defined subsets of pathologies observed in the human condition and their developmental trajectory. Episodic memory is among the cognitive deficits observed in SZ. Theta (6-10 Hz), low gamma (30-50 Hz), and high gamma (50-100 Hz) frequencies in the hippocampus (HC) are critical for encoding and retrieval of memory. Also, theta-gamma comodulation, defined as correlated fluctuations in power between these frequencies, may provide a mechanism for coding episodic sequences by coordinating neuronal activity at timescales required for memory encoding and retrieval. Given that patients with SZ have impaired recognition memory, the overall objectives of these experiments were to assess local field potential (LFP) recordings in the theta and gamma range from the dorsal HC during a recognition memory task in an animal model that exhibits a subclass of symptoms that resemble SZ. In Aim 1, LFPs were recorded from the HC to assess theta and gamma power to determine whether rats that were maternally deprived (MD) for 24-hrs on postnatal day (PND 9), had altered theta and high/low gamma power compared to sham rats during novel object recognition (NOR). Brain activity was recorded while animals underwent NOR on PND 70, 74, and 78. In Aim 2, the effects of theta-low gamma comodulation and theta-high gamma comodulation in the HC were assessed during NOR between sham and MD animals. Furthermore, measures of maternal care were taken to assess if high or low licking/grooming behaviors influenced recognition memory. It was hypothesized that MD animals would have impaired recognition memory and lower theta and low/high gamma power during interaction with both objects compared to sham animals. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that sham animals would have higher theta-gamma comodulation during novel object exploration compared to the familiar object, which would be higher than the MD group. Measures of weight, locomotor activity, and thigmotaxis were also assessed. MD animals were impaired on the NOR task and had no change in theta or low/high gamma power or theta-gamma comodulation when interacting with the novel or familiar object during trials where they performed unsuccessfully or successfully. However, higher theta and gamma power and theta-gamma comodulation was observed in sham animals depending on the object they were exploring or whether it was a successful or unsuccessful trial. These data indicate altered functioning of the HC following MD and a dissociation between brain activity and behavior in this group, providing support that early life trauma can induce cognitive and physiological impairments that are long-lasting. In conclusion, these data identify a model of early life stress with a translational potential, given that there are points of contact between human studies and the MD model. Furthermore, these data provide a set of tools that could be used to further explore how these altered neural mechanisms may influence cognition and behavior.Item Giving Virtuous People the License to Harass: The Role of Responsibility-Focused Power Embodiment and Moral Licensing on Sexual Harassment Perceptions(2021-05) Mikalouski, Laurel; Stockdale, Margaret S.; Andel, Stephanie; Pietri, EvavaWhen the #MeToo movement hit its height, many of the powerful figures who were accused of harassment were people who had been previously seen as virtuous (Stockdale, Bell, Crosby, & Berdahl, 2019). The present study investigated how embodied power influenced sexual harassment (SH) judgments by manipulating the initiator to embody responsibility-focused, or self-focused power (compared to a control), and whether moral licensing, operationalized through moral crediting and moral credentialing, would mediate relations between power embodiment and SH judgments. Participants were 376 adults (42% female) residing in the U.S. who were recruited through Mturk. Moral crediting was significantly higher for perpetrators described as embodying responsibility-focused power, compared to a control condition (no power cues), which in turn was higher than perpetrators described as embodying self-focused power. Moral crediting was positively related to false accusations, SH severity (opposite of predictions), and severity of punishment. Additionally, there were gender differences in moral crediting such that the effects of power-embodiment on moral crediting were stronger for women than for men, though both were significant. Taken together, the findings of this study indicate that some initiators evade censure as their actions are seen as less severe when others believe them to have embodies responsibility-focused power. This should serve as an indication that SH is not always done by “bad actors”, but by those who appear to be virtuous. These findings should inform future SH policies, research, and training.Item The impact of power and relationship commitment on the integration between manufacturers and customers in a supply chain(2008) Zhao, Xiande; Huo, Baofeng; Flynn, Barbara B.; Yeung, Jeff Hoi YanSupply chain integration (SCI) has received increasing attention from scholars and practitioners in recent years. However, our knowledge of what influences SCI is still very limited. Although marketing and management researchers have investigated power and relationship commitment issues between organizations, few have examined their impact on SCI. This paper extends the power–relationship commitment theory established in Western marketing literature and links it with SCI in China, through examining the relationship between power, relationship commitment and the integration between manufacturers and their customers. We propose and empirically test a model using data collected from 617 manufacturing companies in China. The results show that different types of customer power impact manufacturers’ relationship commitment in different ways. Expert power, referent power and reward power are important in improving manufacturers’ normative relationship commitment, while reward power and coercive power enhance instrumental relationship commitment. We also found that normative relationship commitment had a greater impact on customer integration than instrumental relationship commitment. These findings are interpreted in light of national culture differences between China and the U.S. in terms of power distance and collectivism, which provide a new perspective on SCI.Item Impact of primary breast cancer therapy on energetic capacity and body composition(Springer, 2018-11) Ballinger, Tarah J.; Reddy, Anurag; Althouse, Sandra K.; Nelson, Emily M.; Miller, Kathy D.; Sledge, Jeffrey S.; Medicine, School of MedicinePURPOSE: This observational study was designed to measure baseline energy parameters and body composition in early-stage breast cancer patients, and to follow changes during and after various modalities of treatment. This will provide information to aid in the development of individualized physical activity intervention strategies. METHODS: Patients with newly diagnosed stage 0-III breast cancer were enrolled into three cohorts: A (local therapy alone), B (endocrine therapy), or C (chemotherapy with or without endocrine therapy). At baseline, 6 months, and 12 months, subjects underwent a stationary bicycle protocol to assess power generation and DEXA to assess body composition. RESULTS: Eighty-three patients enrolled. Patients had low and variable levels of power generation at baseline (mean power per kilogram lean mass 1.55 W/kg, SD 0.88). Power normalized to lean body mass (W/kg) decreased significantly, and similarly, by 6 months in cohorts B (1.42-1.04 W/kg, p = 0.008) and C (1.53-1.18 W/kg, p < 0.001). In all cohorts, there was no recovery of power generation by 12 months. Cohort C lost lean body mass (- 1.5 kg, p = 0.007), while cohort B maintained lean body mass (- 0.2 kg, p = 0.68), despite a similar trajectory in loss of power. Seven patients developed sarcopenia during the study period, including four patients who did not receive any chemotherapy (cohort B). CONCLUSIONS: The stationary bike protocol was feasible, easy, and acceptable to patients as a way to measure energetic capacity in a clinical setting. Early-stage breast cancer patients had low and variable levels of power generation, which worsened following primary therapy and did not show evidence of 'spontaneous recovery' by 12 months. Effective physical activity interventions will need to be personalized, accounting for both baseline ability and the effect of treatment.Item Independent Sector: Preserving the Status Quo?(De Gruyter, 2021) Williams, Andrew L.; Doan, Dana R. H.; Lilly Family School of PhilanthropyIn October of 1978, a committee met to explore the possibility of a merger between the National Council on Philanthropy (NCOP) and the Coalition of National Voluntary Organizations (CONVO). The vision was more than the mere marriage of two small organizations facing uncertain futures. Participants in this endeavor dreamed of an entity that would represent the entire nonprofit sector. The organization they birthed in 1979, Independent Sector (IS), was a meaningful step forward in unifying the sector. The IS board represented a broad range of sub-sectors and causes and also made strides in gender and, to a lesser extent, racial and religious diversity. Yet, there was an inherent tension in the project. Yes, it was true that people did not want to “interfere with pluralism” but they also wanted “a strong voice” to champion the sector—those involved called this dilemma a “persistent contradiction.” The tension was resolved in favor of the concerns of the powerful national non-profit institutions and foundations: tax policy, government relations, and sector advocacy. That is, the umbrella organization acted principally to preserve the sector, as constituted, and had little appetite for structural reform or discussion of competing notions of “the good” within the sector. Critics pointed to the exclusion of local organizations fighting issues that challenged societal injustice and inequitable distribution of power and resources. To them, and in retrospect to the authors of this paper, greater sector “unity” entailed consolidation of traditional power and continued marginalization of communities already on the periphery. Though four decades have passed, the same tension remains in the philanthropic sector. Contest and division between various interests and constituencies is as evident now as it was then. Enthusiastic support for the advancement of public goods often over-shadows issues of power—including the ability to impose one’s own definition of the public good on others. This critique has been leveled forcefully in recent years. Is it possible or even desirable to seek greater unity for the public good? Whose voices are privileged in the quest for greater sectoral unity? These are the questions this paper aspires to provoke and inform by examining the founding of the first major nonprofit sector association in the United States.Item Solving all the world’s energy problems for once and forever(Springer, 2023-07-07) Schubert, Peter J.; Electrical and Computing Engineering, School of Engineering and TechnologyThe ultimate baseload power is that which can be delivered from orbit, especially if constructed from in situ materials. Power satellites can deliver GW-class power to municipal statistical areas and industrial parks using wireless power transfer from phased array antennae. Two recent innovations allow for a low specific cost (USD/kWh) at maturity, along with a small carbon footprint (gCO2(eq)/kWh). Remote from cities, local power and heat can be produced from non-food biomass. For villages and settlements in rural areas, agricultural residues can be converted to a tar-free hydrogen-rich syngas suitable for hydrogen extraction or as a fuel for an electrical generator (fuel cell or internal-combustion engine). This proven technology provides always-on power to off-grid locations, as well as heat for cooking or sterilization. Furthermore, with dry feedstock, the process generates biochar that can augment soil productivity, and be carbon-negative as well. Mineral ash from biomass conversion includes silica that can be reduced, with biochar, to produce metallurgical grade silicon. That silicon can be made porous with a chemical etch, and treated with a transition metal to produce a hydrogen storage medium. The parasitic energy loss of charging and discharging catalytically-modified porous silicon is very low, and it has negligible leakage. These qualities make for an ideal choice in fuel cell vehicles and portable electronics. Hydrogen can come from biomass in the countryside, or from powersat electrolysis during periods of low demand in the city. Taken together, these complementary technologies can power all of human needs for all time to come.Item Themed Entertainment Impact Adapter Senior Design Final Report(2023-05-03) Landis, George; Freeh, Ryan; Pash, PhillipThis project is what is known as the Themed Entertainment Impact Adapter. The issue is to improve a system already in place by creating a new detection system that will allow a guest to interact with set pieces with a physical hit and have communication back to the host. The sponsor, IFM Interactive, is wanting a custom Printed Circuit Board (PCB) that will be housed in a watertight plastic case specified by the sponsor. The device is a detection system that uses an accelerometer to notify another unit that the device detects a spike in the z-axis direction. The specifications that needed to be met that were given by the sponsor are as follows, • Printed circuit board-based design that mounts inside of an IP rated enclosure selected and provided by the customer. • Enclosure penetrations must retain environmental (IP) ratings such that the device could be installed outdoors. • Capable of operating in temperatures up to 80C. • Accept 5VDC for power. • Communicate via half-duplex asynchronous UART over RS-485. • Connect to upstream power and RS-485 data via a single 4 pole M8 connector. • Detects forces applied via internal accelerometer. • Implements communication protocol specified by the customer. • Create ~6 fully working units by April. The test plan is to test on a similar board using an RP2040. We will want to make sure that it sends a signal using UART over RS-485 to a computer emulating the host machine. The results have been successful in testing. There have been issues with the actual device that are minor fixes in the software design than the hardware. The final system will meet the standards from the sponsor. Some recommendations on improvements would be a better implementation of the hardware. Thus, there is just a bit more of editing on the layout. Moving the USB-C to another open way to make way for the port that will be drilled out of the unit to allow for access to power and data to the upstream unit.Item Wayward Stories: A Rhetoric of Community in Writing Center Administration(2019-07) Hull, Kelin; Brooks-Gillies, Marilee; Buchenot, Andre; Layden, SarahSix weeks in to my position as assistant director of the writing center and suddenly I was confronted by a cluster bombing of issues and concerns – microaggressions, depression, confusion, suspicion – each one separate but related, and threatening to tear a new hole in the already fragile foundation of community in my writing center. How do we feel, what do we do, how does a community survive when the story we’re experiencing isn’t the story we want or expected - when it is, in a word, terrible? After McKinney’s Peripheral Visions, we know our labor and our centers do not look, act, and feel cozy, iconoclastic, or focused on one-on-one tutoring all of the time. And yet, if we are going to continue to move beyond the grand narrative, a deep and meaningful understanding of community is essential. When we put our story in relation to our communities, then our story becomes just one thread in a much more complex tapestry. We cannot separate one person’s story from the story of the writing center. Each person, each story, is a stitch in the rhetorical fabric of community. Using critically reflexive stories to change and shape practice, this thesis highlights the grand narrative of community and shows how that narrative serves to stymie community growth. These stories resist boundaries. They are wayward. They are counter to the narratives around which we construct our lives. When we share stories and write together, we begin to understand the threads we’re all weaving into the tapestry – our community, stitched together through shared practice; a process that will never end, as each person comes and goes. The community will never be resolved, and in the ambiguity of boundlessness, comes a new way of seeing the world - through constellations and the dwelling in inbetween.