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Item Beetroot supplementation in women enjoying exercise together (BEE SWEET): Rationale, design and methods(Elsevier, 2020-03-21) Baranauskas, Marissa N.; Altherr, Cody A.; Gruber, Allison H.; Coggan, Andrew R.; Raglin, John S.; Gupta, Samir K.; Carter, Stephen J.; Kinesiology, School of Health and Human SciencesBackground: Postmenopausal women exhibit higher rates of disability and cardiovascular disease (CVD) with aging compared to men. Whereas habitual exercise training is a known strategy to enhance physiologic function in men and premenopausal women, exercise-related adaptations are often modest in postmenopausal women. We propose dietary nitrate (beetroot juice) administered prior to exercise training may be a feasible approach to improve mobility and cardio-metabolic health outcomes in postmenopausal women. Methods: Our randomized, placebo-controlled study aims to determine preliminary effects sizes for changes in functional mobility and endothelium-dependent vasodilation across three study arms: exercise only (EX), exercise + placebo (EX + PL), and exercise + beetroot (EX + BR). Thirty-six postmenopausal women are recruited in small cohorts wherein group exercise is implemented to facilitate social support and adherence to an 8-week training progression. Participants are randomized to one of three study arms (n = 12 per group) following baseline assessments. Post-intervention assessments are used to determine pre-post changes in outcome measures including distance covered during a 6 min walk test, walking economy, muscle speed and power, and endothelial-dependent vasodilation as determined by flow-mediated dilation. Measures of feasibility include recruitment, retention, adherence to exercise prescription, perceived exercise session difficulty, and adverse event rates. Discussion: Evidence-based, translational strategies are needed to optimize exercise training-related adaptations in postmenopausal women. Findings will inform larger randomized clinical trials to determine if pre-exercise consumption of beetroot juice is an efficacious strategy to promote mobility and attenuate CVD disease risk.Item Effects of Dietary Protein Source and Quantity on Bone Morphology and Body Composition Following a High-Protein Weight-Loss Diet in a Rat Model for Postmenopausal Obesity(MDPI, 2022-05-28) Wright, Christian S.; Hill, Erica R.; Reyes Fernandez, Perla C.; Thompson, William R.; Gallant, Maxime A.; Campbell, Wayne W.; Main, Russell P.; Physical Therapy, School of Health and Human SciencesHigher protein (>30% of total energy, HP)-energy restriction (HP-ER) diets are an effective means to improve body composition and metabolic health. However, weight loss (WL) is associated with bone loss, and the impact of HP-ER diets on bone is mixed and controversial. Recent evidence suggests conflicting outcomes may stem from differences in age, hormonal status, and the predominant source of dietary protein consumed. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of four 12-week energy restriction (ER) diets varying in predominate protein source (beef, milk, soy, casein) and protein quantity (normal protein, NP 15% vs. high, 35%) on bone and body composition outcomes in 32-week-old obese, ovariectomized female rats. Overall, ER decreased body weight, bone quantity (aBMD, aBMC), bone microarchitecture, and body composition parameters. WL was greater with the NP vs. HP-beef and HP-soy diets, and muscle area decreased only with the NP diet. The HP-beef diet exacerbated WL-induced bone loss (increased trabecular separation and endocortical bone formation rates, lower bone retention and trabecular BMC, and more rod-like trabeculae) compared to the HP-soy diet. The HP-milk diet did not augment WL-induced bone loss. Results suggest that specific protein source recommendations may be needed to attenuate the adverse alterations in bone quality following an HP-ER diet in a model of postmenopausal obesity.