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Item Coating of Polyvinylchloride for Reduced Cell / Bacterial Adhesion and Antibacterial Properties(2019-05) Almousa, Rashed Abdulaziz R.; Xie, Dong; Na, Sungsoo; Li, JiliangA Polyvinylchloride surface was modified by coating a biocompatible, hydrophilic and antibacterial polymer by a mild surface modification method. The surface was first activated and then functionalized, followed by coating with polymer. The surface functionality was evaluated using cell adhesion, bacterial adhesion and bacterial viability for polymers with antibacterial properties. 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells were used for cell adhesion, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus were used for bacterial adhesion in the first study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were used for bacterial adhesion and antibacterial activity in the second study. Chapter 2 reports how we synthesized, immobilized and evaluated a novel hydrophilic polymer with anti-fouling properties onto surface of polyvinylchloride via an effective and mild surface coating technique. The polyvinylchloride surface was first activated by azidation as well as amination, and then tethering a newly synthesized hydrophilic and biocompatible polyvinylpyrrolidone having pendent reactive succinimide functionality onto the surface. Results show that the coated hydrophilic polymer significantly reduced the 3T3 fibroblast cell adhesion as well as the adhesion of the three bacterial species. Chapter 3 reports how we prepared, immobilized and evaluated an antibacterial and anti-fouling polymer onto polyvinylchloride surface following an efficient and simple method of surface modification. The surface coated with a terpolymer constructed with N-vinylpyrrolidone, 3,4-Dichloro-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone derivative and succinimide residue was evaluated with cell adhesion, bacterial adhesion and bacterial viability. Surface adhesion was evaluated with 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells and two bacterial species. Also, antibacterial activity was evaluated by bacterial viability assay with the two bacterial species. Results showed that the polymer-modified polyvinylchloride surface exhibited significantly decreased 3T3 fibroblast cell adhesion and bacterial adhesion. Furthermore, the modified polyvinylchloride surfaces exhibited significant antibacterial functions by inhibiting bacterial growth with bactericidal activity. Altogether, we have successfully modified the surface of polyvinylchloride using a novel efficient and mild surface coating technique. The first hydrophilic polymer-coated polyvinylchloride surface significantly reduced cell adhesion as well as adhesion of three bacterial species. The second hydrophilic and antibacterial polymer-coated polyvinylchloride surface demonstrated significant antibacterial functions by inhibiting bacterial growth and killing bacteria in addition to significantly reduced 3T3 fibroblasts and bacterial adhesions.Item Developing an approach to improve beta-phase properties in ferroelectric pvd-hfp thin films(2020-05) Dale, Ashley S.; Cheng, Ruihua; Petrache, Horia; Wassall, StephenImproved fabrication of poly(vinylindenefluoride)-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) thin films is of particular interest due to the high electric coercivity found in the beta-phase structure of the thin film. We show that it is possible to obtain high-quality, beta-phase dominant PVDF-HFP thin films using a direct approach to Langmuir-Blodgett deposition without the use of annealing or additives. To improve sample quality, an automated Langmuir-Blodgett thin film deposition system was developed; a custom dipping trough was fabricated, a sample dipping mechanism was designed and constructed, and the system was automated using custom LabVIEW software. Samples were fabricated in the form of ferroelectric capacitors on substrates of glass and silicon, and implement a unique step design with a bottom electrode of copper with an aluminum wetting layer and a top electrode of gold with an aluminum wetting layer. Samples were then characterized using a custom ferroelectric measurement program implemented in LabVIEW with a Keithley picoammeter/voltage supply to confirm electric coercivity properties. Further characterization using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy confirmed the improvement in thin film fabrication over previous methods.Item Hydrophilic polymer‐coated PVC surface for reduced cell and bacterial adhesions(Wiley, 2022) Almousa, Rashed; Wen, Xin; Na, Sungsoo; Anderson, Gregory; Xie, Dong; Biology, School of ScienceHydrophilic polymers are very useful in biomedical applications. In this study, biocompatible polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) polymers end‐capped with succinimidyl groups were either modified or synthesised and attached to polyvinylchloride surfaces. The modified surfaces were evaluated with cell adhesion and bacterial adhesion. 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells and three bacteria species were used to evaluate surface adhesion activity. Results showed that the modified surface exhibited significantly reduced 3T3 cell adhesion with a 50%–69% decrease for PEG and a 64%–81% for PVP, as compared to unmodified polyvinylchloride. The modified surface also showed significantly reduced bacterial attachment with 22%–78%, 18%–76% and 20%– 75% decrease for PEG and 22%–76%, 18%–76% and 20%–73% for PVP to Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively, as compared to unmodified polyvinylchloride. It seems that an appropriate chain length or molecular weight (neither the longest nor the shortest chain length) determines the lowest cell and bacterial adhesion in terms of PEG. On the other hand, a mixture of polymers with different chain lengths exhibited the lowest cell and bacterial adhesion in terms of PVP.