Browsing by Subject "Policing"

Now showing 1 - 7 of 7
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    A representative-represented matrix: exploring the symbolic effect of minority representation
    (Taylor & Francis, 2024) Park, Sanghee
    This study explores how symbolic representation varies by citizens’ demographic identities and bureaucracies’ demographic composition. First, it presents a representative-represented matrix to provide a conceptual framework from the citizens’ perspective. Then, this is followed by the application to the area of policing in the experimental setting. Citizen perceptions are explored in terms of minority bureaucrats’ representative role and the potential benefits of a representative bureaucracy. The empirical evidence demonstrates that the symbolic effect of minority representation varies and may not accomplish expected outcomes for all minorities. The symbolic representation may be manifested for women and minorities but limited for White men.
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    COVID-19 and the Conundrum of Mask Requirements
    (Washington and Lee University School of Law, 2020-05-28) Gatter, Robert; Mohapatra, Seema; Robert H. McKinney School of Law
    As states begin to loosen their COVID-19 restrictions, public debate is underway about what public health measures are appropriate. Many states have some form of mask-wearing orders to prevent the spread of COVID-19 infection. Public health guidance from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization has conflicted. From a public health point of view, it is not clear what the right answer is. In the absence of directives, individuals are also making their own choices about mask use. At a time when public health measures, like shelter-in-place orders and social distancing, are being used to stop the spread of coronavirus, wearing masks can be seen as a form of solidarity and desire to not infect others. Similarly, not wearing a mask can also be a political statement of sorts. Additionally, black men wearing masks have reported being asked to leave stores and fearing for their own safety. This essay provides an overview of the legal and policy landscape and focuses on the potential for policing against African Americans when mask mandates are in place. Despite the public health benefits of mask usage, due to mask mandates likely being enforced discriminatorily, we advise caution against mask mandates.
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    Data-Driven Accountability: Examining and Reorienting the Mythologies of Data
    (2020-05) Verma, Nitya; Dombrowski, Lynn; Bolchini, Davide; Young, Alyson; Seybold, Peter; Voida, Amy; Muller, Michael
    In this work, I examine and design sociotechnical interventions for addressing limitations around data-driven accountability, particularly focusing on politically contentious and systemic social issues (i.e., police accountability). While organizations across sectors of society are scrambling to adopt data-driven technologies and practices, there are epistemological and ethical concerns around how data use influences decisionmaking and actionability. My work explores how stakeholders adopt and handle the challenges around being data-driven, advocating for ways HCI can mitigate such challenges. In this dissertation, I highlight three case studies that focus on data-driven, human-services organizations, which work with at-risk and marginalized populations. First, I examine the tools and practices of nonprofit workers and how they experience the mythologies associated with data use in their work. Second, I investigate how police officers are adopting data-driven technologies and practices, which highlights the challenges police contend with in addressing social criticisms around police accountability and marginalization. Finally, I conducted a case study with multiple stakeholders around police accountability to understand how systemic biases and politically charged spaces perceive and utilize data, as well as to develop the design space around how alternative futures of being data-driven could support more robust and inclusive accountability. I examine how participants situate the concepts of power, bias, and truth in the data-driven practices and technologies used by and around the police. With this empirical work, I present insights that inform the HCI community at the intersection of data design, practice, and policies in addressing systemic social issues.
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    Egypt's Obligation to Respect, Protect and Fulfill the Right to Access to Knowledge, Science, Art and Culture (ICESCR Article 15)
    (2013-05-14) Shaver, Lea; Caparas, Perfecto "Boyet"
    Submitted to the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Pre-Sessional Working Group 51st Session, 21-24 May 2013, Geneva Switzerland, by the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law Pro Bono UN Human Rights Reporting Program. Team Members: Eslah Salah Alkathiri, LL.M. candidate; Dr. Mohamed Arafa, S.J.D.; J. Michael Blackwell, J.D. candidate; Ritu Chokshi, J.D. candidate; Sherif Mohamed Mansour, J.D. candidate; Deyana Fatme Unis, J.D. candidate; Qifan Wang, J.D. candidate. Faculty Advisers: Professor Lea Shaver, J.D. and Dr. Ian McIntosh, Ph.D. Founder, Head & Trainer: Perfecto `Boyet´ Caparas, A.B., LL.B., LL.M. American Law, LL.M. Human Rights (Honors); Graduate Studies Program Manager, Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law, 530 W. New York Street, Indianapolis, Indiana USA. This human rights report includes the book titled Access to Knowledge in Egypt - New Research on Intellectual Property, Innovation and Development, edited by Nagla Rizk and Lea Shaver, Bloomsbury Academic, (CC) 2010 by Nagla Rizk, Lea Shaver and the contributors.
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    Impact of social distancing during COVID-19 pandemic on crime in Los Angeles and Indianapolis
    (Elsevier, 2020-05-01) Mohler, George; Bertozzi, Andrea L.; Carter, Jeremy; Short, Martin B.; Sledge, Daniel; Tita, George E.; Uchida, Craig D.; Brantingham, P. Jeffrey; Computer and Information Science, School of Science
    Governments have implemented social distancing measures to address the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The measures include instructions that individuals maintain social distance when in public, school closures, limitations on gatherings and business operations, and instructions to remain at home. Social distancing may have an impact on the volume and distribution of crime. Crimes such as residential burglary may decrease as a byproduct of increased guardianship over personal space and property. Crimes such as domestic violence may increase because of extended periods of contact between potential offenders and victims. Understanding the impact of social distancing on crime is critical for ensuring the safety of police and government capacity to deal with the evolving crisis. Understanding how social distancing policies impact crime may also provide insights into whether people are complying with public health measures. Examination of the most recently available data from both Los Angeles, CA, and Indianapolis, IN, shows that social distancing has had a statistically significant impact on a few specific crime types. However, the overall effect is notably less than might be expected given the scale of the disruption to social and economic life.
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    Perceived Police Injustice, Moral Disengagement, and Aggression Among Juvenile Offenders: Utilizing the General Strain Theory Model
    (Springer Nature, 2018-04) Zapolski, Tamika C.B.; Banks, Devin E.; Lau, Katherine S.L.; Aalsma, Matthew C.; Psychology, School of Science
    Although many juvenile offenders report experiencing police injustice, few studies have examined how this source of strain may impact youths' behavioral outcomes, including risk for future recidivism. This study begins to address that gap in the literature. We applied the general strain theory as our theoretical framework to examine the interactive effect of perceived police injustice and moral disengagement on juvenile aggressive behavior. Our sample included 95 juvenile offenders who completed questionnaires on measures of perceived police injustice and moral disengagement. Results supported our hypothesis, such that moral disengagement predicted past month aggression among juvenile offenders, but only by youth who reported mean and high levels of perceived police injustice. While more research is needed in this area, this study's findings underscore the need to address both perceived police engagement and moral disengagement among youth at-risk of engaging in delinquent behaviors. Implications for intervention programs are also presented.
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