Browsing by Subject "Pig"

Now showing 1 - 5 of 5
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    Adult Ossabaw Pigs Prefer Fermented Sorghum Tea over Isocaloric Sweetened Water
    (MDPI, 2023-10-18) Nelson, Catherine E.; Aramouni, Fadi M.; Goering, Mikayla J.; Bortoluzzi, Eduarda M.; Knapp, Laura A.; Herrera-Ibata, Diana M.; Li, Ka Wang; Jermoumi, Rabia; Hooker, Jane A.; Sturek, Joshua; Byrd, James P; Wu, Hui; Trinetta, Valentina; Alloosh, Mouhamad; Sturek, Michael; Jaberi-Douraki, Majid; Hulbert, Lindsey E.; Cellular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine
    Ossabaw pigs (n = 11; 5-gilts, 6-barrows; age 15.6 ± 0.62 SD months) were exposed to a three-choice preference maze to evaluate preference for fermented sorghum teas (FSTs). After conditioning, pigs were exposed, in four sessions, to choices of white FST, sumac FST, and roasted sumac-FST. Then, pigs were exposed, in three sessions, to choices of deionized H2O (-control; avoidance), isocaloric control (+control; deionized H2O and sucrose), and blended FST (3Tea) (equal portions: white, sumac, and roasted sumac). When tea type was evaluated, no clear preference behaviors for tea type were observed (p > 0.10). When the 3Tea and controls were evaluated, pigs consumed minimal control (p < 0.01;18.0 ± 2.21% SEM), and they consumed great but similar volumes of +control and 3Tea (96.6 and 99.0 ± 2.21% SEM, respectively). Likewise, head-in-bowl duration was the least for -control, but 3Tea was the greatest (p < 0.01; 5.6 and 31.9 ± 1.87% SEM, respectively). Head-in-bowl duration for +control was less than 3Tea (p < 0.01; 27.6 vs. 31.9 ± 1.87% SEM). Exploration duration was the greatest in the area with the -control (p < 0.01; 7.1 ± 1.45% SEM), but 3Tea and +control exploration were not different from each other (1.4 and 3.0 ± 1.45% SEM, respectively). Regardless of tea type, adult pigs show preference for FST, even over +control. Adult pigs likely prefer the complexity of flavors, rather than the sweetness alone.
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    Expression of NeuGc on Pig Corneas and Its Potential Significance in Pig Corneal Xenotransplantation
    (Wolters Kluwer, 2016-01) Lee, Whayoung; Miyagawa, Yuko; Long, Cassandra; Ekser, Burcin; Walters, Eric; Ramsoondar, Jagdeece; Ayares, David; Tector, A. Joseph; Cooper, David K. C.; Hara, Hidetaka; Department of Surgery, IU School of Medicine
    PURPOSE: Pigs expressing neither galactose-α1,3-galactose (Gal) nor N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc) take xenotransplantation one step closer to the clinic. Our aims were (1) to document the lack of NeuGc expression on corneas and aortas and cultured endothelial cells [aortic endothelial cells (AECs); corneal (CECs)] of GTKO/NeuGcKO pigs, and (2) to investigate whether the absence of NeuGc reduced human antibody binding to the tissues and cells. METHODS: Wild-type (WT), GTKO, and GTKO/NeuGcKO pigs were used for the study. Human tissues and cultured cells were negative controls. Immunofluorescence staining was performed using anti-Gal and anti-NeuGc antibodies, and human IgM and IgG binding to tissues was determined. Flow cytometric analysis was used to determine Gal and NeuGc expression on cultured CECs and AECs and to measure human IgM/IgG binding to these cells. RESULTS: Both Gal and NeuGc were detected on WT pig corneas and aortas. Although GTKO pigs expressed NeuGc, neither humans nor GTKO/NeuGcKO pigs expressed Gal or NeuGc. Human IgM/IgG binding to corneas and aortas from GTKO and GTKO/NeuGcKO pigs was reduced compared with binding to WT pigs. Human antibody binding to GTKO/NeuGcKO AECs was significantly less than that to GTKO AECs, but there was no significant difference in binding between GTKO and GTKO/NeuGcKO CECs. CONCLUSIONS: The absence of NeuGc on GTKO aortic tissue and AECs is associated with reduced human antibody binding, and possibly will provide a better outcome in clinical xenotransplantation using vascularized organs. For clinical corneal xenotransplantation, the absence of NeuGc expression on GTKO/NeuGcKO pig corneas may not prove an advantage over GTKO corneas.
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    Inhibition of sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 preserves cardiac function during regional myocardial ischemia independent of alterations in myocardial substrate utilization
    (Springer, 2019-04-19) Baker, Hana E.; Kiel, Alexander M.; Luebbe, Samuel T.; Simon, Blake R.; Earl, Conner C.; Regmi, Ajit; Roell, William C.; Mather, Kieren J.; Tune, Johnathan D.; Goodwill, Adam G.; Cellular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine
    The goal of the present study was to evaluate the effects of SGLT2i on cardiac contractile function, substrate utilization, and efficiency before and during regional myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in normal, metabolically healthy swine. Lean swine received placebo or canagliflozin (300 mg PO) 24 h prior to and the morning of an invasive physiologic study protocol. Hemodynamic and cardiac function measurements were obtained at baseline, during a 30-min complete occlusion of the circumflex coronary artery, and during a 2-h reperfusion period. Blood pressure, heart rate, coronary flow, and myocardial oxygen consumption were unaffected by canagliflozin treatment. Ventricular volumes remained unchanged in controls throughout the protocol. At the onset of ischemia, canagliflozin produced acute large increases in left ventricular end-diastolic and systolic volumes which returned to baseline with reperfusion. Canagliflozin-mediated increases in end-diastolic volume were directly associated with increases in stroke volume and stroke work relative to controls during ischemia. Canagliflozin also increased cardiac work efficiency during ischemia relative to control swine. No differences in myocardial uptake of glucose, lactate, free fatty acids or ketones, were noted between treatment groups at any time. In separate experiments using a longer 60 min coronary occlusion followed by 2 h of reperfusion, canagliflozin increased end-diastolic volume and stroke volume and significantly diminished myocardial infarct size relative to control swine. These data demonstrate that SGLT2i with canagliflozin preserves cardiac contractile function and efficiency during regional myocardial ischemia and provides ischemia protection independent of alterations in myocardial substrate utilization.
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    Mechanisms Underlying Cardiovascular Benefits of Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter-2 Inhibitors: Myocardial Substrate or Sodium/Hydrogen Exchanger?
    (2020-01) Baker, Hana Elisabeth; Tune, Johnathan D.; Basile, David; Goodwill, Adam; Kowala, Mark; Mather, Kieren; Michael, Mervyn (Dod)
    Recent clinical outcome studies demonstrate that Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) significantly reduce major adverse cardiovascular events and heart failure outcomes in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. At present, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the observed cardiovascular benefit of SGLT2i, however, the mechanisms responsible remain to be elucidated. This investigation tested the hypothesis that SGLT2i improves cardiac function and efficiency during acute, regional ischemia/reperfusion injury via preferential shifts in myocardial substrate selection and/or inhibition of cardiac sodium/hydrogen exchanger-1 (NHE-1). Our initial investigation evaluated the effects of 24 hour pretreatment of the SGLT2i canagliflozin on cardiac contractile function, substrate utilization, and efficiency before and during regional myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in healthy swine. At the onset of ischemia, canagliflozin increased left ventricular end diastolic and systolic volumes which returned to baseline with reperfusion. This increased end diastolic volume was directly associated with increased stroke volume and stroke work relative to controls during ischemia. Canagliflozin also increased cardiac work efficiency during ischemia relative to control swine. No differences in myocardial substrate uptake of glucose, lactate, fatty acids or ketones were detected between groups. In separate experiments using a longer 60 min coronary occlusion, canagliflozin significantly diminished myocardial infarct size. Subsequent studies investigated the effect of an acute administration (15-30 min pre-treatment) of canagliflozin and the NHE-1i cariporide on cardiac contractile function efficiency in response to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Similar to our initial studies, canagliflozin increased diastolic filling, stroke work and improved cardiac work efficiency relative to untreated control hearts during the ischemic period. In contrast, cariporide did not alter ventricular filling volume, cardiac output or work efficiency at any time point. Additional examination of AP-1 cells transfected with wild-type NHE-1 showed dose-dependent inhibition of NHE-1 activity by cariporide, while canagliflozin had minimal effect on overall activity. This investigation demonstrates that SGLT2i improves cardiac function and efficiency during acute, regional ischemia in healthy swine. However, the present data fail to support the hypothesis that these SGLT2i-mediated improvements involve either preferential alterations in myocardial substrate utilization or the inhibition of NHE-1 activity.
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    The role of genetically engineered pigs in xenotransplantation research
    (Wiley, 2016-01) Cooper, David K.C.; Ekser, Burcin; Ramsoondar, Jagdeece; Phelps, Carol; Ayares, David; Department of Surgery, IU School of Medicine
    There is a critical shortage in the number of deceased human organs that become available for the purposes of clinical transplantation. This problem might be resolved by the transplantation of organs from pigs genetically engineered to protect them from the human immune response. The pathobiological barriers to successful pig organ transplantation in primates include activation of the innate and adaptive immune systems, coagulation dysregulation and inflammation. Genetic engineering of the pig as an organ source has increased the survival of the transplanted pig heart, kidney, islet and corneal graft in non-human primates (NHPs) from minutes to months or occasionally years. Genetic engineering may also contribute to any physiological barriers that might be identified, as well as to reducing the risks of transfer of a potentially infectious micro-organism with the organ. There are now an estimated 40 or more genetic alterations that have been carried out in pigs, with some pigs expressing five or six manipulations. With the new technology now available, it will become increasingly common for a pig to express even more genetic manipulations, and these could be tested in the pig-to-NHP models to assess their efficacy and benefit. It is therefore likely that clinical trials of pig kidney, heart and islet transplantation will become feasible in the near future