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Item Antibacterial Activities of Methanol and Aqueous Extracts of Salvadora persica against Streptococcus mutans Biofilms: An In Vitro Study(MDPI, 2021-12-01) Balhaddad, Abdulrahman A.; Mokeem, Lamia; Melo, Mary Anne S.; Gregory, Richard L.; Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care, School of DentistryThe use of herbal products in oral hygiene care has a long history, and their use is popular today. A tree stick, named Salvadora persica (S. persica), is commonly used to remove dental plaque and clean teeth in many countries. In addition, extracts of S. persica can be used as a mouthwash, as they demonstrate antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial effect of S. persica methanol and aqueous extracts against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilm. A S. mutans biofilm formation assay was conducted using different concentrations of S. persica methanol or water extracts in tryptic soy broth (TSB) supplemented with 1% sucrose. The biofilm was stained with crystal violet dye, and the absorbance was assessed to examine biofilm formation. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey tests were used to analyze the results. The S. persica methanol extract displayed a significant inhibition (p ≤ 0.001) against the S. mutans biofilm. The 10 mg/mL concentration of the S. persica methanol extract was determined as the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC). The used methanol concentration, mixed with TSB supplemented with 1% sucrose and without the S. persica extract, did not inhibit the S. mutans biofilm. The S. persica aqueous extract did not demonstrate any biofilm inhibition at any concentration (p ≥ 0.05). The findings of this study suggest the potential of using S. persica methanol extract as a mouthwash or adjunctive to oral hygiene tools.Item Interkingdom assemblages in human saliva display group-level surface mobility and disease-promoting emergent functions(National Academy of Science, 2022) Ren, Zhi; Jeckel, Hannah; Simon-Soro, Aurea; Xiang, Zhenting; Liu, Yuan; Cavalcanti, Indira M.; Xiao, Jin; Tin, Nyi-Nyi; Hara, Anderson; Drescher, Knut; Koo, Hyun; Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, School of DentistryFungi and bacteria form multicellular biofilms causing many human infections. How such distinctive microbes act in concert spatiotemporally to coordinate disease-promoting functionality remains understudied. Using multiscale real-time microscopy and computational analysis, we investigate the dynamics of fungal and bacterial interactions in human saliva and their biofilm development on tooth surfaces. We discovered structured interkingdom assemblages displaying emergent functionalities to enhance collective surface colonization, survival, and growth. Further analyses revealed an unexpected group-level surface mobility with coordinated “leaping-like” and “walking-like” motions while continuously growing. These mobile groups of growing cells promote rapid spatial spreading of both species across surfaces, causing more extensive tooth decay. Our findings show multicellular interkingdom assemblages acting like supraorganisms with functionalities that cannot be achieved without coassembly.