Browsing by Subject "Mental illness"
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Item Deep Network Pharmacology: Targeting Glutamate Systems as Integrative Treatments for Jump-Starting Neural Networks and Recovery Trajectories(Hapres, 2021) Chambers, R. Andrew; Toombs, Christopher; Psychiatry, School of MedicineSignificant advances in pharmacological treatments for mental illness and addiction will require abandoning old monoaminergic theories of psychiatric disorders and traditionally narrow approaches to how we conduct treatment research. Reframing our efforts with a view on integrative treatments that target core neural network function and plasticity may provide new approaches for lifting patients out of chronic psychiatric symptom sets and addiction. For example, we discuss new treatments that target brain glutamate systems at key transition points within longitudinal courses of care that integrate several treatment modalities. A reconsideration of what our novel and already available medications are intended to achieve and how and when we deliver them for patients with complex illness trajectories could be the key to unlocking new advances in general and addiction psychiatry.Item Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies: validity and reliability of the Croatian version(Wolters Kluwer, 2017-02) Kralj, Žana; Dedić, Milenka; Kovačević, Anđela; Malički, Mario; Dedić, Jelena; Pelivan, Marina; Vuković, Dubravka; Fisher, Carrie; Kember, Rachel L.; Nurnberger, John; Bućan, Maja; Britvić, Dolores; Psychiatry, School of MedicineOBJECTIVE: To test the validity and reliability of the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS) in patients with mental illness in Croatia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Following translation, back-translation, and pilot testing, the Croatian version of DIGS (CRO-DIGS) was administered to a total of 150 inpatients and outpatients diagnosed at the Clinical Hospital in Split with bipolar and major depressive disorder (n=56), schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder (n=62), and alcohol dependence or use disorders (n=32). Initial testing was performed independently by one interviewer and one observer blinded to the diagnosis, and a retest was performed after 8 weeks by a third examiner. RESULTS: The validity of CRO-DIGS was high (κ=0.916), with an excellent inter-rater (κ=0.824) reliability, especially for bipolar disorder (κ=0.956). Following an 8 week test-retest interval, the reliability for all diagnoses was found to be excellent (κ=0.843). CONCLUSION: Our study has shown excellent validity and reliability of the Croatian version of DIGS, making it a promising instrument to assess mental illness of patients. The development of a valid and reliable diagnostic tool such as the CRO-DIGS will considerably advance the scientific communities' ability to carry out genetic studies of psychiatric illness in the region.Item Does the Recovery Assessment Scale measure the same recovery construct across time?(American Psychiatric Association, 2021) Fukui, Sadaaki; Salyers, Michelle P.; School of Social WorkObjective: The Recovery Assessment Scale (RAS) is one of the most used recovery measures in recovery-oriented practice evaluation of people with mental health conditions. Although its psychometric properties have been extensively studied, one critical piece of information that is missing from the literature is evidence of its longitudinal factorial invariance-that is, whether the RAS measures the same recovery construct across time. The authors empirically tested the longitudinal factorial invariance assumption for the RAS. Methods: Structural equation modeling was used to test the longitudinal factorial invariance of the RAS with data longitudinally obtained at three time points from 167 people with severe mental illness. Results: The longitudinal factorial invariance assumption was supported (i.e., configural, metric, partial scalar, factor variance and covariance invariance). Conclusions: This study found empirical evidence that the RAS can measure the same recovery construct over time and thus meets one of the important prerequisites for longitudinal assessment.Item Examining the intersection of mental illness and suicidal risk in the shadow of a pandemic: A Machine Learning Approach(2021-10-08) Hong, Saahoon; Walton, Betty A.; Kim, Hea-WonTo develop the suicidal recovery model for adults with mental illness during the pandemic and better serve them in the mental health system, it is necessary to ensure that we can identify the intersection of mental illness and suicidal risk. Therefore, we used machine learning to examine the intersection of mental illness and suicide aged 17 years old and above adults in the Mideastern state-funded mental health service (n=29,267) during the calendar years of 2019 and 2020. Classification, regression tree analyses, and chi-square automatic interaction detection (CHAID) were used to identify the intersection of mental illness and suicidal risk and determine their classification accuracy. In the COVID-19 pandemic year, self-injurious behavior, depression, adjustment to trauma, danger to others, impulse control, anger control, age, sleep, and psychosis were identified as the critical factors associated with suicidal risk. However, danger to others, impulse control, anger control, and age were associated with suicide risk only in 2020, but not in 2019. Overall, self-injurious behavior, depression, danger to others, psychosis, adjustment to trauma, anxiety, sleep, and interpersonal were intersected with suicidal risk.Item Exercise Behavior Is Determined By Pandemic Distress And Task Burden Among Caregivers Of Older Adults(Oxford University Press, 2022) Nemati, Donya; Keith, NiCole; Kaushal, Navin; Medicine, School of MedicineBackground: Caregivers who have dependents with dementia are at a much higher risk of heart disease and mental illnesses compared with non-dementia caregivers. Consequently, these outcomes have been exacerbated by societal barriers that resulted from the pandemic. Engaging in regular physical activity at a moderate-to-vigorous level (MVPA) is beneficial for caregivers has it has been shown to prevent several adverse health outcomes. However, pandemic-related (COVID-19) distress likely worsened caregiver burden which in turn compromised their MVPA levels. The purpose of this study was to understand how caregiving burden impacts MVPA when accounting for physical activity determinants from an augmented Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) model. Methods: Participants (n=127) were caregivers for older adults (65+) who have dementia. Participants completed measures of MVPA (behavior), TPB, pandemic-related distress (COVID Caregiver Risk Index) and burden scale for family caregivers. The study was investigated using a structural equation model. Results: Participants were 45.5 (SD=3.4) years old, 76.4% female. Attitudes (β=.22, p=.012) and perceived behavioral control (β=.19, p<.001) predicted intention. Attitudes and perceived behavioral control mediated the relationship between past behavior and intention (β=.17, p=.02). Covid distress predicted caregiver burden (β=.35, p<.001), and caregiver burden mediated the effects between distress and behavior (β=-.12, p=.01). Conclusions: Caregiver burden findings suggest that societal changes and demographic-specific burdens related to caregivers need to be considered for caregivers with dependents who have dementia. Taken together, exercise programs that focus on traditional behavioral determinants also need to include specific approaches to buffer caregiving burden experienced in this demographic.Item The History of Group Art Therapy with Adult Psychiatric Patients(2014-05) Wallace, Natalie; King, JulietHistory is a cyclical phenomenon; by reviewing the past, we can gain knowledge to improve the future. Since art therapy was first conducted in psychiatric hospitals, it is important to reflect on the history and commemorate where art therapy initiated. Art therapists have been facilitating group art therapy with adult psychiatric patients since the 1940s (Walker, 2012). Through reviewing the history of group art therapy that has been conducted with adult psychiatric patients, current art therapists can learn from art therapists’ experience to inform current treatment. This thesis will examine the history of group art therapy with adult psychiatric patients from the 1960s to the present and explore the changes that have occurred in both the hospital setting and group art therapy structure. This thesis will also inspect the findings documented in articles about group art therapy with adult psychiatric patients as well as how the authors reported the findings.Item Integrated Effects of Neonatal Ventral Hippocampal Lesions and Impoverished Social-Environmental Rearing on Endophenotypes of Mental Illness and Addiction Vulnerability(Karger, 2019) Chambers, Robert Andrew; Sentir, Alena M.; Psychiatry, School of MedicineA wide range of mental illnesses show high rates of addiction comorbidities regardless of their genetic, neurodevelopmental, and/or adverse-environmental etiologies. Understanding how the spectrum of mental illnesses produce addiction vulnerability will be key to discovering more effective preventions and integrated treatments for adults with addiction and dual diagnosis comorbidities. A population of 131 rats containing a spectrum of etiological mental illness models and degrees of severity was experimentally generated by crossing neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions (NVHL; n = 68) or controls (SHAM-operated; n = 63) with adolescent rearing in environmentally/socially enriched (ENR; n = 66) or impoverished (IMP; n = 65) conditions. This population was divided into 2 experiments: first, examining NVHL and IMP effects on novelty and mild stress-induced locomotion across 3 adolescent ages; second, looking at initial cocaine reactivity and long-term cocaine behavioral sensitization in adulthood. NVHL and IMP-environmental conditions independently produced remarkably similar and robustly significant abnormalities of hyperreactivity to novelty, mild stress, and long-term cocaine sensitization. The combined NVHL-IMP groups showed the most severe phenotypes across the board, so that the mental illness and addiction vulnerability phenotypes increased together in severity in a consistent stepwise progression from the healthiest rats to those with the greatest loading of etiological models. These findings add weight to our understanding of mental illness and addiction vulnerability as brain disorders that are biologically and developmentally unified in ways that transcend etiological causes, and yet co-intensify with increased loading of etiological conditions. Combining neurodevelopmental and adverse-environmental models of mental illness may provide an approach to identifying and therapeutically targeting cortical-striatal-limbic network mechanisms that generate addiction and dual diagnosis diseases.Item Navigating the Mental Healthcare Network through a Communication Complex Perspective: An Autoethnography(2023-08) Seifert, Jorge; Parrish-Sprowl, John; Goering, Elizabeth; White-Mills, KimMental illness is one of the largest health problems in the world and it has grown worse due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Every nation, across all demographic categories, has experienced growth in mental health issues. In many countries there is a serious shortage of mental health professionals to serve the population. While we are relatively better off in the US, the next level question that arises regards service quality. The availability of treatment does not serve well if it does not serve to heal. The problem under investigation examines the interrelationship of mental illness and communication. More specifically, the focus will be on mental illness treatment from an emic perspective. The analysis is framed from a communication complex perspective which treats communication as a dynamic process that is both bioactive and systemic. The method of study is autoethnography and with detailed stories that the author has gone through in their own mental health journey. Autoethnography is a method that seeks to provide evocative and rich description of an individual within an ethnographic setting. The autoethnography will look at four stories that have occurred in the past about mental healthcare networks and problems inherent within them. A discussion on key takeaways from the events described illuminates the limitations and challenges of the current mental healthcare network as well as how a communication complex perspective can enable system improvement.Item Perceived Mental Illness Stigma Among Youth in Psychiatric Outpatient Treatment(Sage, 2012-03) Elkington, Katherine S.; Hackler, Dusty; McKinnon, Karen; Borges, Cristiane; Wright, Eric R.; Wainberg, Milton L.; Sociology, School of Liberal ArtsThis research explores the experiences of mental illness stigma in 24 youth (58.3% male, 13–24 years, 75% Latino) in psychiatric outpatient treatment. Using Link and Phelan’s (2001) model of stigmatization, we conducted thematic analysis of the interview texts, examining experiences of stigma at individual and structural levels, in addition to the youths’ social-psychological processes. Youth in psychiatric treatment acknowledged that their larger cultural context holds pejorative viewpoints toward those with mental illness and reported experiences of stigma within their families and social networks. Our results also offer insight into the social-psychological processes of stigma, highlighting how labeling may influence their self-concept and the strategies in which youth engage to manage a stigmatized identity. We discuss differences in stigma experiences by gender, age, and diagnosis. Findings provide new information on the stigma experiences of youth in psychiatric treatment and suggest that a multilevel approach to reduce stigma is warranted.