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Item Billy Sunday and the Masculinization of American Protestantism: 1896-1935(2008) Hayat, A. Cyrus; Robbins, Kevin C.; Lindseth, Erik L.; Goff, Philip; Lantzer, Jason S.Item Effects of Male Facial Masculinity on Perceived Attractiveness(Springer Nature, 2021) Ekrami, Omid; Claes, Peter; Shriver, Mark D.; Weinberg, Seth M.; Marazita, Mary L.; Walsh, Susan; Van Dongen, Stefan; Biology, School of ScienceStudies suggest that high levels of masculinity in men can be a signal of 'better genes' as well as low parental investment. It is the trade-off between these two qualities that has led to the hypothesis that women's preferences for male masculinity are condition-dependent, yet, not all studies support this hypothesis. In addition, there is evidence that more average faces would be perceived as more attractive. Here we study the variation in masculinity preferences of a cohort of heterosexual women (n=769), using manipulated 3D faces of male subjects. We used linear mixed models to test for effects of various covariates such as relationship status, use of hormonal contraception, sociosexual orientation and self-perceived attractiveness on preference for masculinity. Our results show that women's sociosexual orientation has a positive correlation with masculinity preference while using hormonal contraception decreases this preference. None of the other covariates displayed any significant effect on masculinity preference. The initial level of masculinity of the faces (very low, low, average, high and very high) was also shown to affect this preference, where we found a significant preference for higher masculinity in the very low and average group, while no preference was found in the other groups. Our findings support the notion that condition-dependent variables have very small effects, if any, on women's preference for masculinity in men.Item Masculinity Beliefs and Colorectal Cancer Screening in Male Veterans(American Psychological Association, 2017-10) Christy, Shannon M.; Mosher, Catherine E.; Rawl, Susan M.; Haggstrom, David A.; Psychology, School of ScienceAs the third most common cause of cancer death among United States men, colorectal cancer (CRC) represents a significant threat to men's health. Although adherence to CRC screening has the potential to reduce CRC mortality by approximately half, men's current rates of adherence fall below national screening objectives. In qualitative studies, men have reported forgoing screenings involving the rectum (e.g., colonoscopy) due to concern about breaching masculinity norms. However, the extent to which masculinity beliefs predict men's CRC screening adherence has yet to be examined. The current study tested the hypothesis that greater endorsement of masculinity beliefs (i.e., self-reliance, risk-taking, heterosexual self-presentation, and primacy of work) would be associated with a lower likelihood of adherence to CRC screening with any test and with colonoscopy specifically. Participants were 327 men aged 51-75 at average risk for CRC who were accessing primary care services at a Midwestern Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Contrary to hypotheses, masculinity beliefs did not predict CRC screening outcomes in hierarchical regression analyses that controlled for demographic predictors of screening. Although results are largely inconsistent with masculinity theory and prior qualitative findings, further research is needed to determine the degree to which findings generalize to other populations and settings.Item Relationships between masculinity beliefs and colorectal cancer screening in male veterans(2015) Christy, Shannon M.; Mosher, Catherine E.; Rawl, Susan M.; Rand, Kevin L.; Haggstrom, David A.Men’s adherence to masculinity norms has been implicated as a risk factor for unhealthy behaviors (e.g., drinking to intoxication, having unprotected sex with multiple, simultaneous partners) and lack of engagement in healthy behaviors (e.g., blood pressure screening, cholesterol screening, wearing protective clothing while in the sun, receipt of annual medical and dental exams) (Boman & Walker, 2010; Courtenay, 2000a, 2000b, 2011; Hammond, Matthews, & Corbie-Smith, 2010; Iwamoto, Cheng, Lee, Takamatsu, & Gordon, 2011; Locke & Mahalik, 2005; Mahalik, Lagan, & Morrison, 2006; Mahalik et al., 2003; Nicholas, 2000; Pachankis, Westmaas, & Dougherty, 2011; Pleck, Sonenstein, & Ku, 1993; Wade, 2009). Masculinity has been defined as behaviors, beliefs, and personality characteristics associated more often with men than women as well as characteristics and behaviors that society prescribes and reinforces in men (Thompson, Pleck, & Ferrera, 1992). Rooted in geographical, cultural, and temporal environments, diverse masculinities have emerged throughout the United States and the world (Connell, 1995; Courtenay, 2011). Traditional masculinity beliefs and behaviors in the United States include the sturdy oak (men should be tough, self-reliant, stoic, and confident), no sissy stuff (men should avoid feminine characteristics and behaviors), the big wheel (men should strive for success and status), and give ‘em hell (men should embrace aggressiveness, daring, and violence) (Brannon, 1976). Numerous qualitative studies have suggested that some men find cancer screening examinations involving the rectum (i.e., endoscopy for colorectal cancer [CRC] screening or digital rectal examination [DRE] for prostate cancer screening) an affront to their masculinity (see Table 1 for quotations from these studies) (Bass et al., 2011; Beeker, Kraft, Southwell, & Jorgensen, 2000; Getrich et al., 2012; Goldman, Diaz, & Kim, 2009; Harvey & Alston, 2011; Holt et al., 2009; Jilcott Pitts et al., 2013; Jones, Devers, Kuzel, & Woolf, 2010; Rivera-Ramos & Buki, 2011; Thompson, Reeder, & Abel, 2011; Wackerbarth, Peters, & Haist, 2005; Winterich et al., 2009). However, to the author’s knowledge, no quantitative studies have considered the role of masculinity in CRC screening adherence. Unfortunately, current CRC screening rates fall below the 70.5% Healthy People 2020 screening objective (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2012).Research is needed to better understand relationships between men’s masculinity norms and CRC screening adherence so that interventions may be developed to reduce barriers to screening, improve screening rates, and, ultimately, decrease men’s mortality from CRC. The present study will address this gap in the literature by examining the masculinity norms and CRC screening adherence of male veterans aged 51-75 years who are at average CRC risk (Levin et al., 2008). First, the prevalence of CRC, its risk factors and warning signs as well as CRC screening techniques, screening rates, and characteristics of individuals who are adherent and non-adherent to CRC screening guidelines are summarized. Next, the concept of masculinity, theoretical and empirical support for studying masculinity norms within the context of CRC screening, and potential relationships between masculinity norms and colorectal cancer screening behaviors are described. Finally, the study methods, results, and future directions and limitations of this research are described.Item The Sexual Health Needs of Adolescent Boys Involved in a Pregnancy(Elsevier, 2019-01-14) Ott, Mary A.; Wells, Matthew; Imburgia, Teresa M.; Yang, Ziyi; Tu, Wanzhu; Auerswald, Colette L.; Pediatrics, School of MedicineObjectives: Little is known about fatherhood in middle adolescence. In order to better understand their sexual health needs, we describe relationship characteristics, perception of masculinity and associated STI risk behaviors in a community-based sample of urban middle adolescent boys who have fathered a child or been involved with a pregnancy. Methods: We employed venue-based sampling to recruit 339 boys (14-17 years old) in neighborhoods with high STI prevalence. We administered a brief survey on sexual, relationship and pregnancy history, STI risk, juvenile justice involvement, and masculinity. Results: Fifteen percent had either fathered a child or been involved with a pregnancy. In multivariate analysis, controlling for age and ethnicity, adolescent fathers were more likely to be involved with juvenile justice and engage in STI risk behaviors. These included condom non-use and partner checking a cell phone. Although of borderline significance, older partners, past STI testing, and drug or alcohol use at last sex improved model fit. Conclusion: Adolescent fathers have distinct relational and sexual health needs. Their specific needs should be targeted by prevention programs. Implications and Contribution: Most research on young men involved in pregnancy is with older adolescents/young adults, and in clinical or institutional settings. Using community engagement and venue-based sampling, this study describes sexual behaviors, masculinity, and relationship characteristics among 14-17 year old boys who have caused a pregnancy. Findings identify their distinct sexual health needs.Item Willingness to disclose STI status to sex partners among college-age men in the United States(Wolters Kluwer, 2016-03) Pfeiffer, Elizabeth J.; McGregor, Kyle A.; Van Der Pol, Barbara; Hansen, Cathlene Hardy; Ott, Mary A.; Department of Pediatrics, IU School of MedicineDisclosure of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) to sexual partners is critical to the prevention, treatment and control of STIs. We examine intra- and inter-personal influences on willingness to disclose STI status among college-age males. Participants (n = 1064) were aged 17-24 years and recruited from a variety of university and community venues. Using independent samples t-test, Pearson chi-squares test, and binary logistic regression, we examined the relationship between willingness to disclose a STI and intra- and inter-personal factors, including age, masculinity values, interpersonal violence, partner cell phone monitoring, alcohol and/or drug use, condom use, number and characteristics of sex partners, and previous STI. Results reveal that among college-age males, type of sex partner and masculinity values are significant variables in predicting whether or not an individual is willing to disclose. These data can inform STI control programs to more effectively address the complex issues associated with STI disclosure to sex partners.