Browsing by Subject "MXene"
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Item All-Printed MXene–Graphene Nanosheet-Based Bimodal Sensors for Simultaneous Strain and Temperature Sensing(ACS, 2021-05) Saeidi-Javash, Mortaza; Du, Yipu; Zeng, Minxiang; Wyatt, Brian C.; Zhang, Bowen; Kempf, Nicholas; Anasori, Babak; Zhang, Yanliang; Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering and TechnologyMultifunctional sensors with integrated multiple sensing capabilities have enormous potential for in situ sensing, structural health monitoring, and wearable applications. However, the fabrication of multimodal sensors typically involves complex processing steps, which limit the choices of materials and device form factors. Here, an aerosol jet printed flexible bimodal sensor is demonstrated by using graphene and Ti3C2Tx MXene nanoinks. The sensor can detect strain by measuring a change in the AC resistive voltage while simultaneously monitoring temperature by detecting the DC Seebeck voltage across the same printed device pattern. The printed bimodal sensor not only expands the sensing capability beyond conventional single-modality sensors but also provides improved spatial resolution utilizing the microscale printed patterns. The printed temperature sensor shows a competitive thermopower output of 53.6 μV/°C with ultrahigh accuracy and stability during both steady-state and transient thermal cycling tests. The printed sensor also demonstrates excellent flexibility with negligible degradations after 1000 bending cycles. The aerosol jet printing and integration of nanomaterials open many opportunities to design and manufacture multifunctional devices for a broad range of applications.Item Beyond Ti3C2Tx: MXenes for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding(ACS, 2020-03) Han, Meikang; Shuck, Christopher Eugene; Rakhmanov, Roman; Parchment, David; Anasori, Babak; Koo, Chong Min; Friedman, Gary; Gogotsi, Yury; Mechanical and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and TechnologyNew ultrathin and multifunctional electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials are required for protecting electronics against electromagnetic pollution in the fifth-generation networks and Internet of Things era. Micrometer-thin Ti3C2Tx MXene films have shown the best EMI shielding performance among synthetic materials so far. Yet, the effects of elemental composition, layer structure, and transition-metal arrangement on EMI shielding properties of MXenes have not been explored, despite the fact that more than 30 different MXenes have been reported, and many more are possible. Here, we report on a systematic study of EMI shielding properties of 16 different MXenes, which cover single-metal MXenes, ordered double-metal carbide MXenes, and random solid solution MXenes of M and X elements. This is the largest set of MXene compositions ever reported in a comparative study. Films with thicknesses ranging from nanometers to micrometers were produced by spin-casting, spray-coating, and vacuum-assisted filtration. All MXenes achieved effective EMI shielding (>20 dB) in micrometer-thick films. The EMI shielding effectiveness of sprayed Ti3C2Tx film with a thickness of only ∼40 nm reaches 21 dB. Adjustable EMI shielding properties were achieved in solid solution MXenes with different ratios of elements. A transfer matrix model was shown to fit EMI shielding data for highly conductive MXenes but could not describe the behavior of materials with low conductivity. This work shows that many members of the large MXene family can be used for EMI shielding, contributing to designing ultrathin, flexible, and multifunctional EMI shielding films benefiting from specific characteristics of individual MXenes.Item Distinguishing electronic contributions of surface and sub-surface transition metal atoms in Ti-based MXenes(IOP, 2020) Yang, Yizhou; Hantanasirisakul, Kanit; Frey, Nathan C.; Anasori, Babak; Green, Robert J.; Rogge, Paul C.; Waluyo, Iradwikanari; Hunt, Adrian; Shafer, Padraic; Arenholz, Elke; Shenoy, Vivek B.; Gogotsi, Yury; May, Steven J.; Mechanical and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and TechnologyMXenes are a rapidly-expanding family of 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides that have attracted attention due to their excellent performance in applications ranging from energy storage to electromagnetic interference shielding. Numerous other electronic and magnetic properties have been computationally predicted, but not yet realized due to the experimental difficulty in obtaining uniform surface terminations (Tx), necessitating new design approaches for MXenes that are independent of surface terminations. In this study, we distinguished the contributions of surface and sub-surface Ti atoms to the electronic structure of four Ti-containing MXenes (Ti2CTx, Ti3C2Tx, Cr2TiC2Tx, and Mo2TiC2Tx) using soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy. For MXenes with no Ti atoms on the surface transition metal layers, such as Mo2TiC2Tx and Cr2TiC2Tx, our results show minimal changes in the spectral features between the parent MAX phase and its MXene. In contrast, for MXenes with surface Ti atoms, here Ti3C2Tx and Ti2CTx, the Ti L-edge spectra are significantly modified compared to their parent MAX phase compounds. First principles calculations provide similar trends in the partial density of states derived from surface and sub-surface Ti atoms, corroborating the spectroscopic measurements. These results reveal that electronic states derived from sub-surface M-site layers are largely unperturbed by the surface terminations, indicating a relatively short length scale over which the Tx terminations alter the nominal electron count associated with Ti atoms and suggesting that desired band features should be hosted by sub-surface M-sites that are electronically more robust than their surface M-site counterparts.Item Enhanced Ionic Accessibility of Flexible MXene Electrodes Produced by Natural Sedimentation(Springer, 2020-04-11) Sun, Ning; Guan, Zhaoruxin; Zhu, Qizhen; Anasori, Babak; Gogotsi, Yury; Xu, Bin; Mechanical and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and TechnologyMXene nanosheets have been used for preparing highly flexible integrated electrodes due to their two-dimensional (2D) morphology, flexibility, high conductivity, and abundant functional groups. However, restacking of 2D nanosheets inhibits the ion transport in MXene electrodes, limiting their thickness, rate performance, and energy storage capacity. Here, we employed a natural sedimentation method instead of the conventional vacuum-assisted filtration to prepare flexible Ti3C2Tx MXene films with enlarged interlayer spacing, which facilitates the access of the lithium ions to the interlayers and thus leads to a greatly enhanced electrochemical performance. The naturally sedimented flexible film shows a double lithium storage capacity compared to the conventional vacuum-filtered MXene film, along with improved rate performance and excellent cycle stability.Item MXene Composite and Coaxial Fibers with High Stretchability and Conductivity for Wearable Strain Sensing Textiles(Wiley, 2020-03) Seyedin, Shayan; Uzun, Simge; Levitt, Ariana; Anasori, Babak; Dion, Genevieve; Gogotsi, Yury; Razal, Joselito M.; Mechanical and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and TechnologyThe integration of nanomaterials with high conductivity into stretchable polymer fibers can achieve novel functionalities such as sensing physical deformations. With a metallic conductivity that exceeds other solution-processed nanomaterials, 2D titanium carbide MXene is an attractive material to produce conducting and stretchable fibers. Here, a scalable wet-spinning technique is used to produce Ti3C2Tx MXene/polyurethane (PU) composite fibers that show both conductivity and high stretchability. The conductivity at a very low percolation threshold of ≈1 wt% is demonstrated, which is lower than the previously reported values for MXene-based polymer composites. When used as a strain sensor, the MXene/PU composite fibers show a high gauge factor of ≈12900 (≈238 at 50% strain) and a large sensing strain of ≈152%. The cyclic strain sensing performance is further improved by producing fibers with MXene/PU sheath and pure PU core using a coaxial wet-spinning process. Using a commercial-scale knitting machine, MXene/PU fibers are knitted into a one-piece elbow sleeve, which can track various movements of the wearer's elbow. This study establishes fundamental insights into the behavior of MXene in elastomeric composites and presents strategies to achieve MXene-based fibers and textiles with strain sensing properties suitable for applications in health, sports, and entertainment.Item MXenes: The two-dimensional influencers(Elsevier, 2022) Firouzjaei, Mostafa Dadashi; Karimiziarani, Mohammadsepehr; Moradkhani, Hamid; Elliott, Mark; Anasori, Babak; Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering and TechnologyMXenes have significantly impacted materials science and nanotechnology since their discovery in 2011. Theoretical calculations have predicted more than 100 possible compositions of MXenes and lab-scale fabrication of more than 40 MXene structures has been reported to date. The unique characteristics of MXenes have made them an ideal fit for a wide variety of applications, including energy storage, environmental, electronics, communications, gas and liquid separations and adsorption, biomedical, and optoelectronics. MXene attracted many researchers, and as a result, publication trends on MXene have grown exponentially in recent years. By 2021, MXenes have already shown promise in several research areas, including energy storage devices, electromagnetic interference shielding, nanocomposites, and hybrid materials. In parallel, new applications are emerging where MXenes outperform other nanomaterials, such as in tribology. MXene compositions are also being expanded rapidly. Here, we briefly overview the history, properties, trends, and application of MXenes to better understand their potentials and familiarize new audiences with this 2D material family.Item Surface Modification of a MXene by an Aminosilane Coupling Agent(Wiley, 2020-03) Riazi, Hossein; Anayee, Mark; Hantanasirisakul, Kanit; Shamsabadi, Ahmad Arabi; Anasori, Babak; Gogotsi, Yury; Soroush, Masoud; Mechanical and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and TechnologyMXenes, two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides and/or nitrides, possess surface termination groups such as hydroxyl, oxygen, and fluorine, which are available for surface functionalization. Their surface chemistry is critical in many applications. This article reports amine functionalization of Ti3C2Tx MXene surface with [3-(2-aminoethylamino)-propyl]trimethoxysilane (AEAPTMS). Characterization techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy verify the success of the surface functionalization and confirm that the silane coupling agent bonds to Ti3C2Tx surface both physically and chemically. The functionalization changes the MXene surface charge from −35 to +25 mV at neutral pH, which allows for in situ preparation of self-assembled films. Further, surface charge measurements of the functionalized MXene at different pH values show that the functionalized MXene has an isoelectric point at a pH around 10.7, and the highest reported positive surface charge of +62 mV at a pH of 2.58. Furthermore, the existence of a mixture of different orientations of AEAPTMS and the simultaneous presence of protonated and free amine groups on the surface of Ti3C2Tx are demonstrated. The availability of free amine groups on the surface potentially permits the fabrication of crosslinked electrically conductive MXene/epoxy composites, dye adsorbents, high-performance membranes, and drug carriers. Surface modifications of this type are applicable to many other MXenes.Item Ti3C2Tx MXene Polymer Composites for Anticorrosion: An Overview and Perspective(American Chemical Society, 2022) Amin, Ihsan; van den Brekel, Hidde; Nemani, Kartik; Batyrev, Erdni; de Vooys, Arnoud; van der Weijde, Hans; Anasori, Babak; Shiju, N. Raveendran; Mechanical and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and TechnologyAs the most studied two-dimensional (2D) material from the MXene family, Ti3C2Tx has constantly gained interest from academia and industry. Ti3C2Tx MXene has the highest electrical conductivity (up to 24,000 S cm-1) and one of the highest stiffness values with a Young's modulus of ∼ 334 GPa among water-dispersible conductive 2D materials. The negative surface charge of MXene helps to disperse it well in aqueous and other polar solvents. This solubility across a wide range of solvents, excellent interface interaction, tunable surface functionality, and stability with other organic/polymeric materials combined with the layered structure of Ti3C2Tx MXene make it a promising material for anticorrosion coatings. While there are many reviews on Ti3C2Tx MXene polymer composites for catalysis, flexible electronics, and energy storage, to our knowledge, no review has been published yet on MXenes' anticorrosion applications. In this brief report, we summarize the current progress and the development of Ti3C2Tx polymer composites for anticorrosion. We also provide an outlook and discussion on possible ways to improve the exploitation of Ti3C2Tx polymer composites as anticorrosive materials. Finally, we provide a perspective beyond Ti3C2Tx MXene composition for the development of future anticorrosion coatings.