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Item Delayed iron improves iron status without altering malaria risk in severe malarial anemia(Oxford University Press, 2020-05) Cusick, Sarah E.; Opoka, Robert O.; Ssemata, Andrew S.; Georgieff, Michael K.; John, Chandy C.; Pediatrics, School of MedicineBackground: WHO guidelines recommend concurrent iron and antimalarial treatment in children with malaria and iron deficiency, but iron may not be well absorbed or utilized during a malaria episode. Objectives: We aimed to determine whether starting iron 28 d after antimalarial treatment in children with severe malaria and iron deficiency would improve iron status and lower malaria risk. Methods: We conducted a randomized clinical trial on the effect of immediate compared with delayed iron treatment in Ugandan children 18 mo-5 y of age with 2 forms of severe malaria: cerebral malaria (CM; n = 79) or severe malarial anemia (SMA; n = 77). Asymptomatic community children (CC; n = 83) were enrolled as a comparison group. Children with iron deficiency, defined as zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) ≥ 80 µmol/mol heme, were randomly assigned to receive a 3-mo course of daily oral ferrous sulfate (2 mg · kg-1 · d-1) either concurrently with antimalarial treatment (immediate arm) or 28 d after receiving antimalarial treatment (delayed arm). Children were followed for 12 mo. Results: All children with CM or SMA, and 35 (42.2%) CC, were iron-deficient and were randomly assigned to immediate or delayed iron treatment. Immediate compared with delayed iron had no effect in any of the 3 study groups on the primary study outcomes (hemoglobin concentration and prevalence of ZPP ≥ 80 µmol/mol heme at 6 mo, malaria incidence over 12 mo). However, after 12 mo, children with SMA in the delayed compared with the immediate arm had a lower prevalence of iron deficiency defined by ZPP (29.4% compared with 65.6%, P = 0.006), a lower mean concentration of soluble transferrin receptor (6.1 compared with 7.8 mg/L, P = 0.03), and showed a trend toward fewer episodes of severe malaria (incidence rate ratio: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.14, 1.12). Conclusions: In children with SMA, delayed iron treatment did not increase hemoglobin concentration, but did improve long-term iron status over 12 mo without affecting malaria incidence.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01093989.Item Iron Deficiency in CKD Without Concomitant Anemia(Elsevier, 2021-08-10) Wish, Jay B.; Anker, Stefan D.; Butler, Javed; Cases, Aleix; Stack, Austin G.; Macdougall, Iain C.; Medicine, School of MedicineThe physiological role of iron extends well beyond hematopoiesis. Likewise, the pathophysiological effects of iron deficiency (ID) extend beyond anemia. Although inextricably interrelated, ID and anemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are distinct clinical entities. For more than 3 decades, however, nephrologists have focused primarily on the correction of anemia. The achievement of target hemoglobin (Hgb) concentrations is prioritized over repletion of iron stores, and iron status is generally a secondary consideration only assessed in those patients with anemia. Historically, the correction of ID independent of anemia has not been a primary focus in the management of CKD. In contrast, ID is a key therapeutic target in the setting of heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF); correction of ID in this population improves functional status and quality of life and may improve cardiovascular (CV) outcomes. Given the strong interrelationships between HF and CKD, it is reasonable to consider whether iron therapy alone may benefit those with CKD and evidence of ID irrespective of Hgb concentration. In this review, we differentiate anemia from ID by considering both epidemiologic and pathophysiological perspectives and by reviewing the evidence linking correction of ID to outcomes in patients with HF and/or CKD. Furthermore, we discuss existing gaps in evidence and provide proposals for future research and practical considerations for clinicians.Item Recent and Emerging Therapies for Iron Deficiency in Anemia of CKD: A Review(Elsevier, 2022-06) Bazeley, Jonathan W.; Wish, Jay B.; Medicine, School of MedicineIron deficiency commonly contributes to the anemia affecting individuals with chronic kidney disease. This review describes diagnostic criteria for iron deficiency in chronic kidney disease, as well as mechanisms of functional and absolute iron deficiency and general treatment principles as delineated in the KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) guideline. Repletion of absolute iron deficits has progressed over time with the addition of better tolerated, more effective oral agents, including ferric citrate, ferric maltol, and sucrosomial iron. This article examines the structural characteristics and trial data enabling regulatory approval of these novel oral agents. Newer intravenous iron therapies, including ferric carboxymaltose and ferric derisomaltose, allow for fewer infusions and decreased risk of serious hypersensitivity reactions. Concerns about adverse effects such as cardiovascular events and infections are discussed. The potential risk of 6H syndrome (high FGF-23, hypophosphatemia, hyperphosphaturia, hypovitaminosis D, hypocalcemia, and secondary hyperparathyroidism) due to these intravenous agents is emphasized. The proposed pathophysiology of 6H syndrome and hypophosphatemia is described. Ferric pyrophosphate citrate enables administration of iron for repletion through dialysate. Relative merits, costs, and risks of various iron agents such as hypersensitivity and 6H syndrome/hypophosphatemia are summarized.