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Item Global population genetic structure and demographic trajectories of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens(BMC, 2021) Kaya, Cengiz; Generalovic, Tomas N.; Ståhls, Gunilla; Hauser, Martin; Samayoa, Ana C.; Nunes-Silva, Carlos G.; Roxburgh, Heather; Wohlfahrt, Jens; Ewusie, Ebenezer A.; Kenis, Marc; Hanboonson, Yupa; Orozco, Jesus; Carrejo, Nancy; Nakamura, Satoshi; Gasco, Laura; Rojo, Santos; Tanga, Chrysantus M.; Meier, Rudolf; Rhode, Clint; Picard, Christine J.; Jiggins, Chris D.; Leiber, Florian; Tomberlin, Jeffery K.; Hasselmann, Martin; Blanckenhorn, Wolf U.; Kapun, Martin; Sandrock, ChristophBackground: The black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) is the most promising insect candidate for nutrient-recycling through bioconversion of organic waste into biomass, thereby improving sustainability of protein supplies for animal feed and facilitating transition to a circular economy. Contrary to conventional livestock, genetic resources of farmed insects remain poorly characterised. We present the first comprehensive population genetic characterisation of H. illucens. Based on 15 novel microsatellite markers, we genotyped and analysed 2862 individuals from 150 wild and captive populations originating from 57 countries on seven subcontinents. Results: We identified 16 well-distinguished genetic clusters indicating substantial global population structure. The data revealed genetic hotspots in central South America and successive northwards range expansions within the indigenous ranges of the Americas. Colonisations and naturalisations of largely unique genetic profiles occurred on all non-native continents, either preceded by demographically independent founder events from various single sources or involving admixture scenarios. A decisive primarily admixed Polynesian bridgehead population serially colonised the entire Australasian region and its secondarily admixed descendants successively mediated invasions into Africa and Europe. Conversely, captive populations from several continents traced back to a single North American origin and exhibit considerably reduced genetic diversity, although some farmed strains carry distinct genetic signatures. We highlight genetic footprints characteristic of progressing domestication due to increasing socio-economic importance of H. illucens, and ongoing introgression between domesticated strains globally traded for large-scale farming and wild populations in some regions. Conclusions: We document the dynamic population genetic history of a cosmopolitan dipteran of South American origin shaped by striking geographic patterns. These reflect both ancient dispersal routes, and stochastic and heterogeneous anthropogenic introductions during the last century leading to pronounced diversification of worldwide structure of H. illucens. Upon the recent advent of its agronomic commercialisation, however, current human-mediated translocations of the black soldier fly largely involve genetically highly uniform domesticated strains, which meanwhile threaten the genetic integrity of differentiated unique local resources through introgression. Our in-depth reconstruction of the contemporary and historical demographic trajectories of H. illucens emphasises benchmarking potential for applied future research on this emerging model of the prospering insect livestock sector.Item Invasive Reed Canary Grass (Phalaris arundinacea) and Carbon Sequestration in a Wetland Complex(2009-01-16T16:35:33Z) Bills, Jonathan S.; Jacinthe, Pierre-Andre; Tedesco, Lenore P.; Vidon, Philippe G.Terrestrial carbon sequestration is one of several proposed strategies to reduce the rate of carbon dioxide (CO2) accumulation in the atmosphere, but the impact of plant invasion on soil organic carbon (SOC) storage is unclear. The results of past studies are often confounded by differences in vegetation and environmental conditions. Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) is an herbaceous species that invades riparian fringes and wetlands throughout North America, including Beanblossom Bottoms – a wetland complex in south-central Indiana. Because of the prolific growth of P. arundinacea, it was hypothesized that significant alterations in SOC pools and dynamics would occur at invaded sites within the wetland complex. To test this hypothesis, study plots were established in areas colonized either by native herbaceous species or by P. arundinacea. Above and below-ground biomass were collected at the middle and end of the growing season and were analyzed for cellulose, lignin, acid detergent fiber, total phenolics, and organic carbon and nitrogen concentration. Soil samples were analyzed for SOC and nitrogen, bulk density, pH, and texture. The biomass of Scirpus cyperinus – a native wetland species was found to contain significantly (P < 0.05) more lignin (168 g kg-1 versus 98 g kg-1) and phenolics (19 g kg-1 versus 3 g kg-1), and had a higher C to N ratio (28 versus 20) than P. arundinacea biomass, suggesting greater recalcitrance of S. cyperinus tissues compared to P. arundinacea biomass. Results of a laboratory incubation study were consistent with the residue biochemistry data and showed that S. cyperinus biomass degraded at much slower rates than the biomass of P. arundinacea. However, measurements of SOC pools (0-30 cm) showed larger pools under P. arundinacea (25.5 Mg C ha-1) than under stands of S. cyperinus (21.8 Mg C ha-1). Likewise, SOC stocks under stands of mixed native vegetation were significantly (P < 0.05) smaller (18.8 Mg C ha-1) than in areas invaded by P. arundinacea. Biomass of the mixed native vegetation was also considered more recalcitrant than that of P. arundinacea based on residue biochemistry. Therefore, contrary to the study hypothesis, residue quality was not a good predictor of SOC stocks in the wetland soils. Thus, it appears that traditional laboratory assessments of biomass recalcitrance and decomposition do not accurately simulate the various biological interactions occurring in the field.