Browsing by Subject "Inequities"

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    Geography, inequities, and the social determinants of health in transplantation
    (Frontiers Media, 2023-12-07) Ross-Driscoll, Katherine; McElroy, Lisa M.; Adler, Joel T.; Surgery, School of Medicine
    Among the causes of inequity in organ transplantation, geography is oft-cited but rarely defined with precision. Traditionally, geographic inequity has been characterized by variation in distance to transplant centers, availability of deceased organ donors, or the consequences of allocation systems that are inherently geographically based. Recent research has begun to explore the use of measures at various geographic levels to better understand how characteristics of a patient’s geographic surroundings contribute to a broad range of transplant inequities. Within, we first explore the relationship between geography, inequities, and the social determinants of health. Next, we review methodologic considerations essential to geographic health research, and critically appraise how these techniques have been applied. Finally, we propose how to use geography to improve access to and outcomes of transplantation.
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    Transforming health in Nepal: a historical and contemporary review on disease burden, health system challenges, and innovations
    (Springer Nature, 2025-05-20) Mishra, Shiva Raj; Ghimire, Kamal; Khanal, Vishnu; Aryal, Diptesh; Shrestha, Bijaya; Khanal, Pratik; Yadav, Sanjay; Sharma, Vinita; Khatri, Resham; Schwarz, Dan; Adhikari, Bipin; Community and Global Health, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health
    Introduction: Nepal witnessed a tumultuous journey over past two centuries, marked by significant political, social, and cultural shifts. From fighting British colonial encroachments in 1800s, the dynastic Rana regime (1846-1951), and democracy movements in the late 1950s, 1990s and 2000s, Nepal became a federal republic in 2008. The main objective of this review is to lay out an interpretative summary on Nepal's epidemiological transition (includes general trends and disease specific topics) followed by discussion on health system development over key periods: historical period (-1950s), modern period (1950-1990), post-democracy (1991-2016), and post-federalization (2016-). Methods: We conducted a scoping review of available literature using the Arksey and O'Malley framework to synthesize the key insights. Searches were performed in PubMed (via NLM), Embase and Google Scholar using a combination of search terms related to Nepal's health system, epidemiological transition, disease burden and emerging health issues. A total of 1204 records were identified, of which 123 documents - including peer-reviewed articles, government reports and grey literature - met the inclusion criteria. Results: Major advances in maternal and child health, nutritional health and reduction of infectious diseases have been observed in recent decades. The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) declined by 55% (1996-2016), and neonatal mortality halved (40 to 20 per 1000 live births) due to improved antenatal care, skilled birth attendance and family planning. Stunting rates fell from 66% (1996) to 25% (2022), yet rising non-communicable diseases (NCDs) pose new challenges. Communicable diseases, once dominant, have declined owing to expanded immunization and tuberculosis control. However, NCDs now account for over two thirds of deaths, driven by urbanization, ageing and lifestyle shifts. Health system gaps persist, with workforce shortages, rural-urban disparities and out-of-pocket health costs limiting access. Addressing rising health inequities, digital health innovations and service expansion is critical to achieving universal health coverage and sustaining Nepal's health gains. Conclusions: Nepal's health care landscape has continuously evolved over the past centuries, coinciding with key demographic and political changes. Advances through innovation are necessary for the country's overstretched health system to reduce the cost of health services whilst increasing quality and access.