Browsing by Subject "Immune therapy"

Now showing 1 - 4 of 4
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    Beta cell function in type 1 diabetes determined from clinical and fasting biochemical variables
    (Springer Nature, 2019-01) Wentworth, John M.; Bediaga, Naiara G.; Giles, Lynne C.; Ehlers, Mario; Gitelman, Stephen E.; Geyer, Susan; Evans-Molina, Carmella; Harrison, Leonard C.; Medicine, School of Medicine
    AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Beta cell function in type 1 diabetes is commonly assessed as the average plasma C-peptide concentration over 2 h following a mixed-meal test (CPAVE). Monitoring of disease progression and response to disease-modifying therapy would benefit from a simpler, more convenient and less costly measure. Therefore, we determined whether CPAVE could be reliably estimated from routine clinical variables. METHODS: Clinical and fasting biochemical data from eight randomised therapy trials involving participants with recently diagnosed type 1 diabetes were used to develop and validate linear models to estimate CPAVE and to test their accuracy in estimating loss of beta cell function and response to immune therapy. RESULTS: A model based on disease duration, BMI, insulin dose, HbA1c, fasting plasma C-peptide and fasting plasma glucose most accurately estimated loss of beta cell function (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC] 0.89 [95% CI 0.87, 0.92]) and was superior to the commonly used insulin-dose-adjusted HbA1c (IDAA1c) measure (AUROC 0.72 [95% CI 0.68, 0.76]). Model-estimated CPAVE (CPEST) reliably identified treatment effects in randomised trials. CPEST, compared with CPAVE, required only a modest (up to 17%) increase in sample size for equivalent statistical power. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: CPEST, approximated from six variables at a single time point, accurately identifies loss of beta cell function in type 1 diabetes and is comparable to CPAVE for identifying treatment effects. CPEST could serve as a convenient and economical measure of beta cell function in the clinic and as a primary outcome measure in trials of disease-modifying therapy in type 1 diabetes.
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    CNS-Native Myeloid Cells Drive Immune Suppression in the Brain Metastatic Niche through Cxcl10
    (Cell Press, 2020) Guldner, Ian H.; Wang, Qingfei; Yang, Lin; Golomb, Samantha M.; Zhao, Zhuo; Lopez, Jacqueline A.; Brunory, Abigail; Howe, Erin N.; Zhang, Yizhe; Palakurthi, Bhavana; Barron, Martin; Gao, Hongyu; Xuei, Xiaoling; Liu, Yunlong; Li, Jun; Chen, Danny Z.; Landreth, Gary E.; Zhang, Siyuan; Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine
    Brain metastasis (br-met) develops in an immunologically unique br-met niche. Central nervous system-native myeloid cells (CNS-myeloids) and bone-marrow-derived myeloid cells (BMDMs) cooperatively regulate brain immunity. The phenotypic heterogeneity and specific roles of these myeloid subsets in shaping the br-met niche to regulate br-met outgrowth have not been fully revealed. Applying multimodal single-cell analyses, we elucidated a heterogeneous but spatially defined CNS-myeloid response during br-met outgrowth. We found Ccr2+ BMDMs minimally influenced br-met while CNS-myeloid promoted br-met outgrowth. Additionally, br-met-associated CNS-myeloid exhibited downregulation of Cx3cr1. Cx3cr1 knockout in CNS-myeloid increased br-met incidence, leading to an enriched interferon response signature and Cxcl10 upregulation. Significantly, neutralization of Cxcl10 reduced br-met, while rCxcl10 increased br-met and recruited VISTAHi PD-L1+ CNS-myeloid to br-met lesions. Inhibiting VISTA- and PD-L1-signaling relieved immune suppression and reduced br-met burden. Our results demonstrate that loss of Cx3cr1 in CNS-myeloid triggers a Cxcl10-mediated vicious cycle, cultivating a br-met-promoting, immune-suppressive niche.
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    Introduction to a review series on emerging immunotherapies for hematologic diseases
    (American Society of Hematology, 2018-06-14) Paczesny, Sophie; Pavletic, Steven Z.; Bollard, Catherine M.; Pediatrics, School of Medicine
    Immune therapies are fast becoming paradigm-changing treatment options for patients with hematologic cancers. The field has grown exponentially as it expands to nonmalignant blood diseases. This Perspective article introduces the review series describing some of the latest advances in this field and highlighting some of the current obstacles and new opportunities for the future. Specifically, the series provides in-depth discussion on a selection of emerging immunotherapies now available to patients for hematologic diseases, including cancer vaccines, chimeric antigen receptor T cells, and immunotherapies to regulate inflammation in nonmalignant blood disorders.
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    Modulation of oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial biogenesis by cigarette smoke influence the response to immune therapy in NSCLC patients
    (Elsevier, 2023-04) Wang, Yuezhu; Smith, Margaret; Ruiz, Jimmy; Liu, Yin; Kucera, Gregory L.; Topaloglu, Umit; Chan, Michael D.; Li, Wencheng; Su, Jing; Xing, Fei; Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health
    The treatment regimen of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has drastically changed owing to the superior anti-cancer effects generated by the immune-checkpoint blockade (ICB). However, only a subset of patients experience benefit after receiving ICBs. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to increase the response rate by elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms and identifying novel therapeutic targets to enhance the efficacy of IBCs in non-responders. We analyzed the progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of 295 NSCLC patients who received anti-PD-1 therapy by segregating them with multiple clinical factors including sex, age, race, smoking history, BMI, tumor grade and subtype. We also identified key signaling pathways and mutations that are enriched in patients with distinct responses to ICB by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and mutational analyses. We found that former and current smokers have a higher response rate to anti-PD-1 treatment than non-smokers. GSEA results revealed that oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and mitochondrial related pathways are significantly enriched in both responders and smokers, suggesting a potential role of cellular metabolism in regulating immune response to ICB. We also demonstrated that all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) which enhances mitochondrial function significantly enhanced the efficacy of anti-PD-1 treatment in vivo. Our clinical and bioinformatics based analyses revealed a connection between smoking induced metabolic switch and the response to immunotherapy, which can be the basis for developing novel combination therapies that are beneficial to never smoked NSCLC patients.