IU Indianapolis ScholarWorks :: Browsing by Subject "Homeostasis"

Browsing by Subject "Homeostasis"

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A closed model for the respiratory system in mammals
(Springer Nature, 2012-07-16) Park, Choongseok; Molkov, Yaroslav; Ben-Tal, Alona; Shevtsova, Natalia; Smith, Jeffrey; Rybak, Ilya; Rubin, Jonathan; Mathematical Sciences, School of Science
Checkpoint kinase 2 controls insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis
(Springer Nature, 2024) Chong, Angie Chi Nok; Vandana, J. Jeya; Jeng, Ginnie; Li, Ge; Meng, Zihe; Duan, Xiaohua; Zhang, Tuo; Qiu, Yunping; Duran-Struuck, Raimon; Coker, Kimberly; Wang, Wei; Li, Yanjing; Min, Zaw; Zuo, Xi; de Silva, Neranjan; Chen, Zhengming; Naji, Ali; Hao, Mingming; Liu, Chengyang; Chen, Shuibing; Urology, School of Medicine
After the discovery of insulin, a century ago, extensive work has been done to unravel the molecular network regulating insulin secretion. Here we performed a chemical screen and identified AZD7762, a compound that potentiates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) of a human β cell line, healthy and type 2 diabetic (T2D) human islets and primary cynomolgus macaque islets. In vivo studies in diabetic mouse models and cynomolgus macaques demonstrated that AZD7762 enhances GSIS and improves glucose tolerance. Furthermore, genetic manipulation confirmed that ablation of CHEK2 in human β cells results in increased insulin secretion. Consistently, high-fat-diet-fed Chk2-/- mice show elevated insulin secretion and improved glucose clearance. Finally, untargeted metabolic profiling demonstrated the key role of the CHEK2-PP2A-PLK1-G6PD-PPP pathway in insulin secretion. This study successfully identifies a previously unknown insulin secretion regulating pathway that is conserved across rodents, cynomolgus macaques and human β cells in both healthy and T2D conditions.
CHOP induces activating transcription factor 5 (ATF5) to trigger apoptosis in response to perturbations in protein homeostasis
(American Society for Cell Biology, 2013) Teske, Brian F.; Fusakio, Michael E.; Zhou, Donghui; Shan, Jixiu; McClintick, Jeanette N.; Kilberg, Michael S.; Wek, Ronald C.; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine
Environmental stresses that disrupt protein homeostasis induce phosphorylation of eIF2, triggering repression of global protein synthesis coincident with preferential translation of ATF4, a transcriptional activator of the integrated stress response (ISR). Depending on the extent of protein disruption, ATF4 may not be able to restore proteostatic control and instead switches to a terminal outcome that features elevated expression of the transcription factor CHOP (GADD153/DDIT3). The focus of this study is to define the mechanisms by which CHOP directs gene regulatory networks that determine cell fate. We find that in response to proteasome inhibition, CHOP enhances the expression of a collection of genes encoding transcription regulators, including ATF5, which is preferentially translated during eIF2 phosphorylation. Transcriptional expression of ATF5 is directly induced by both CHOP and ATF4. Knockdown of ATF5 increases cell survival in response to proteasome inhibition, supporting the idea that both ATF5 and CHOP have proapoptotic functions. Transcriptome analysis of ATF5-dependent genes reveals targets involved in apoptosis, including NOXA, which is important for inducing cell death during proteasome inhibition. This study suggests that the ISR features a feedforward loop of stress-induced transcriptional regulators, each subject to transcriptional and translational control, which can switch cell fate toward apoptosis.
Comment on Liu et al. Aberrant Expression of FBXO2 Disrupts Glucose Homeostasis Through Ubiquitin-Mediated Degradation of Insulin Receptor in Obese Mice. Diabetes 2017;66:689–698
(American Diabetes Association, 2020-02) Wong, Siauyen; Nelson, Rick F.; Lu, Peiran; Paulson, Henry; Lin, Dingbo; Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine
Cytokine profiling in pulmonary arterial hypertension: the role of redox homeostasis and sex
(Elsevier, 2022) Rafikov, Ruslan; Rischard, Franz; Vasilyev, Mikhail; Varghese, Mathews V.; Yuan, Jason X-J; Desai, Ankit A.; Garcia, Joe G.; Rafikova, Olga; Medicine, School of Medicine
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a fatal disease with a well-established sexual dimorphism. Activated inflammatory response and altered redox homeostasis, both known to manifest in a sex-specific manner, are implicated in the pathogenic mechanisms involved in PAH development. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of sex and plasma redox status on circulating cytokine profiles. Plasma oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), as a substitute measure of redox status, was analyzed in male and female Group 1 PAH and healthy subjects. The profiles of 27 circulating cytokines were compared in 2 PAH groups exhibiting the highest and lowest quartile for plasma ORP, correlated with clinical parameters, and used to predict patient survival. The analysis of the PAH groups with the highest and lowest ORP revealed a correlation between elevated cytokine levels and increased oxidative stress in females. In contrast, in males, cytokine expressions were increased in the lower oxidative environment (except for IL-1b). Correlations of the increased cytokine expressions with PAH severity were highly sex-dependent and corresponded to the increase in PAH severity in males and less severe PAH in females. Machine learning algorithms trained on the combined cytokine and redox profiles allowed the prediction of PAH mortality with 80% accuracy. We conclude that the profile of circulating cytokines in PAH patients is redox- and sex-dependent, suggesting the vital need to stratify the patient cohort subjected to anti-inflammatory therapies. Combined cytokine and/or redox profiling showed promising value for predicting the patients' survival.
Discovery of novel regulators of aldehyde dehydrogenase isoenzymes
(2011-05-30) Ivanova, Yvelina Tsvetanova; Hurley, Thomas D., 1961-; Goebl, Mark G.; Srour, Edward F.
Recent work has shown that specific ALDH isoenzymes can contribute to the underlying pathology of different diseases. Many ALDH isozymes are important in oxidizing reactive aldehydes resulting from lipid peroxidation, and, thus, help maintain cellular homeostasis. Increased expression and activity of ALDH isozymes are found in many human cancers and are often associated with poor prognosis. Therefore, the development of inhibitors of the different ALDH enzymes is of interest as means to treat some of these disease states. Here I describe the results of assays designed to characterize the site of interaction and the mode of inhibition for the unique compounds that function as inhibitors of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 and determine their respective IC50 values with intent to develop structure-activity relationships for future development.
Editorial: Redox Homeostasis and Cancer
(Hindawi, 2020-12-18) Sinha, Mithun; Mardinoglu, Adil; Ghose, Jayeeta; Singh, Kanhaiya; Medicine, School of Medicine
Evaluating the Mechanisms of Improved Glucose Homeostasis after Bariatric Surgery in Ossabaw Miniature Swine
(Hindawi, 2014) Sham, Jonathan G.; Simianu, Vlad V.; Wright, Andrew S.; Stewart, Skye D.; Alloosh, Mouhamad; Sturek, Michael; Cummings, David E.; Flum, David R.; Cellular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine
Background: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is the most common bariatric operation; however, the mechanism underlying the profound weight-independent effects on glucose homeostasis remains unclear. Large animal models of naturally occurring insulin resistance (IR), which have been lacking, would provide opportunities to elucidate such mechanisms. Ossabaw miniature swine naturally exhibit many features that may be useful in evaluating the anti diabetic effects of bariatric surgery. Methods: Glucose homeostasis was studied in 53 Ossabaw swine. Thirty-two received an obesogenic diet and were randomized to RYGB, gastrojejunostomy (GJ), gastrojejunostomy with duodenal exclusion (GJD), or Sham operations. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests and standardized meal tolerance tests were performed prior to, 1, 2, and 8 weeks after surgery and at a single time-point for regular diet control pigs. Results: High-calorie-fed Ossabaws weighed more and had greater IR than regular diet controls, though only 70% developed IR. All operations caused weight-loss-independent improvement in IR, though only in pigs with high baseline IR. Only RYGB induced weight loss and decreased IR in the majority of pigs, as well as increasing AUCinsulin/AUCglucose. Conclusions: Similar to humans, Ossabaw swine exhibit both obesity-dependent and obesity-independent IR. RYGB promoted weight loss, IR improvement, and increased AUCinsulin/AUCglucose, compared to the smaller changes following GJ and GJD, suggesting a combination of upper and lower gut mechanisms in improving glucose homeostasis.
Gpr17 deficiency in POMC neurons ameliorates the metabolic derangements caused by long-term high-fat diet feeding
(Springer Nature, 2019-10-14) Reilly, Austin M.; Zhou, Shudi; Panigrahi, Sunil K.; Yan, Shijun; Conley, Jason M.; Sheets, Patrick L.; Wardlaw, Sharon L.; Ren, Hongxia; Medicine, School of Medicine
BACKGROUND: Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) control energy homeostasis by sensing hormonal and nutrient cues and activating secondary melanocortin sensing neurons. We identified the expression of a G protein-coupled receptor, Gpr17, in the ARH and hypothesized that it contributes to the regulatory function of POMC neurons on metabolism. METHODS: In order to test this hypothesis, we generated POMC neuron-specific Gpr17 knockout (PGKO) mice and determined their energy and glucose metabolic phenotypes on normal chow diet (NCD) and high-fat diet (HFD). RESULTS: Adult PGKO mice on NCD displayed comparable body composition and metabolic features measured by indirect calorimetry. By contrast, PGKO mice on HFD demonstrated a sexually dimorphic phenotype with female PGKO mice displaying better metabolic homeostasis. Notably, female PGKO mice gained significantly less body weight and adiposity (p < 0.01), which was associated with increased energy expenditure, locomotor activity, and respiratory quotient, while males did not have an overt change in energy homeostasis. Though PGKO mice of both sexes had comparable glucose and insulin tolerance, detailed analyses of liver gene expression and serum metabolites indicate that PGKO mice could have reduced gluconeogenesis and increased lipid utilization on HFD. To elucidate the central-based mechanism(s) underlying the better-preserved energy and glucose homeostasis in PGKO mice on HFD, we examined the electrophysiological properties of POMC neurons and found Gpr17 deficiency led to increased spontaneous action potentials. Moreover, PGKO mice, especially female knockouts, had increased POMC-derived alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone and beta-endorphin despite a comparable level of prohormone POMC in their hypothalamic extracts. CONCLUSIONS: Gpr17 deficiency in POMC neurons protects metabolic homeostasis in a sex-dependent manner during dietary and aging challenges, suggesting that Gpr17 could be an effective anti-obesity target in specific populations with poor metabolic control.
The integrated stress response directs cell fate decisions in response to perturbations in protein homeostasis
(2013-05) Teske, Brian Frederick; Wek, Ronald C.; Bard, Martin; Quilliam, Lawrence; Wells, Clark D.
Disruptions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cause perturbations in protein folding and result in a cellular condition known as ER stress. ER stress and the accumulation of unfolded protein activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) which is a cellular attempt to remedy the toxic accumulation of unfolded proteins. The UPR is implemented through three ER stress sensors PERK, ATF6, and IRE1. Phosphorylation of the α-subunit of eIF2 by PERK during ER stress represses protein synthesis and also induces preferential translation of ATF4, a transcriptional activator of stress response genes. Early UPR signaling involves translational and transcriptional changes in gene expression that is geared toward stress remedy. However, prolonged ER stress that is not alleviated can trigger apoptosis. This dual signaling nature of the UPR is proposed to mimic a 'binary switch' and the regulation of this switch is a key topic of this thesis. Adaptive gene expression aimed at balancing protein homeostasis encompasses the first phase of the UPR. In this study we show that the PERK/eIF2~P/ATF4 pathway facilitates both the synthesis of ATF6 and trafficking of ATF6 from the ER to the Golgi where ATF6 is activated. Liver-specific depletion of PERK significantly lowers expression of survival genes, leading to reduced expression of protein chaperones. As a consequence, loss of PERK in the liver sensitizes cells to stress which ultimately leads to apoptosis. Despite important roles in survival, PERK signaling is often extended to the vii activation of other downstream transcription factors such as CHOP, a direct target of ATF4-mediated transcription. Accumulation of CHOP is a hallmark of the second phase in the binary switch model where CHOP is shown to be required for full activation of apoptosis. Here the transcription factor ATF5 is found to be induced by CHOP and that loss of ATF5 improves the survival of cells following changes in protein homeostasis. Taken together this study highlights the importance of UPR signaling in determining the balance between cell survival and cell death. A topic that is important for understanding the more complex pathological conditions of diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and neurodegeneration.

Browsing by Subject "Homeostasis"

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