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Browsing by Subject "Gender disparities"
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Item Characteristics of cardiothoracic surgeons practicing at the top-ranked US institutions(AME, 2016-11) Rosati, Carlo Maria; Koniaris, Leonidas G; Molena, Daniela; Blitzer, David; Su, Katherine W.; Tahboub, Mohammad; Vardas, Panos N.; Girardi, Leonard N.; Gaudino, Mario; Department of Surgery, IU School of MedicineBACKGROUND: We aimed to determine which factors distinguish cardiothoracic (CT) surgeons practicing at the top-ranked US institutions from their peers. METHODS: Using online resources, we collected demographics, training information and academic metrics of 694 cardiac (n=489; 70%) and thoracic (n=205; 30%) surgeons practicing at 57 preeminent US institutions, including those with the highest US News & World Report ranking ("top CT centers"). RESULTS: Two hundred and ninety-nine (43.1%) CT surgeons were practicing at the 18 "top CT centers" and had higher academic productivity (publications, citations) than their peers. While there was no difference in the proportion of international medical graduates (IMGs) (21.4% overall) or of surgeons with a PhD degree (9.4% overall) across institutions, the "top CT centers" had a higher proportion of faculty who received their entire CT training abroad (10.4% vs. 5.8%; P=0.038) or at highly-ranked US institutions. Those who published more during their early career years (residency, fellowship and first 5 years as faculty) were more likely to attain academic (professorship) and institutional leadership (division/department chair) positions and to practice at the "top CT centers". Women represented a minority (7.3% overall; 5.1% of cardiac vs. 12.7% of thoracic surgeons, P<0.001), but with growing prevalence among younger faculty and without differences across institutions. CONCLUSIONS: CT surgeons of the best US centers have a more international background and received their training at highly-ranked institutions. Early academic productivity is associated with life-long career achievements, with special importance of the first 5 years as faculty. Women represent a growing proportion of the CT surgical workforce.Item Race and Gender-Based Perceptions of Older Septuagenarian Adults(Mary Ann Liebert, 2022-11-14) Melton, Forest; Palmer, Kelly; Solola, Sade; Luy, Luis; Herrera-Theut, Kathryn; Zabala, Leanne; Knapp, Shannon M.; Yee, Ryan; Yee, Erika; Calhoun, Elizabeth; Thomas Hebdon, Megan C.; Pool, Natalie; Sweitzer, Nancy; Breathett, Khadijah; Medicine, School of MedicineObjectives: Older adults face racism, sexism, and ageism. As the U.S. population ages, it is important to understand how the current population views older adults. Methods: Participants recruited through Amazon's Mechanical Turk provided perceptions of older Black and White models' photographs. Using mixed-effect models, we assessed interactions between race and gender of participants and models. Results: Among Participants of Color and White participants (n = 712, 70% non-Hispanic White, 70% women, mean 37.81 years), Black models were perceived as more attractive, less threatening, and sadder than White models, but differences were greater for White participants (race-by-race interaction: attractive p = 0.003, threatening p = 0.009, sad p = 0.016). Each gender perceived their respective gender as more attractive (gender-by-gender interaction p < 0.0001). Male and female participants perceived male models as happier than female models, but differences were greater for male participants (p = 0.026). Irrespective of participant age group, women were perceived as more threatening (p = 0.012). Other perceptions were not significant. Discussion: Participants had few biases toward older Black and White models, while gender biases favored men.