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Browsing by Subject "Gender Differences"
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Item Examining Gender Differences in Pain Treatment Recommendations(Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, 2015-04-17) Free, Charnelle A.; Miller, Megan M.; Trost, Zina; Wheelis, Tori; Hirsh, Adam T.Understanding how pain treatment decisions are made has important clinical implications for healthcare. Research suggests that men and women receive disparate pain care, however, little is known about the specific treatment recommendations that are differentially made for men and women. The purpose of this study was to examine differences between the types of pain treatments recommended for men and women. Undergraduate psychology students from Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) and the University of North Texas (UNT) (n=621) made treatment recommendations for 8 chronic pain patients after reading a vignette describing the patient’s pain and watching a video of each patient completing a pain-inducing task (i.e., transition between sitting and standing). Participants made pain treatment recommendations for each patient using separate 0-100 visual analogue scales (VASs). Dependent samples t-tests indicated that participants were more likely to recommend workplace accommodations (t(620)= -3.05, p= .002, d= 0.17), disability compensation (t(620)= -7.77, p< .001, d= 0.44), and opioid medications (t(620)= -5.16, p< .001, d= 0.29) for men compared to women. Moreover, participants were more likely to recommend psychological therapy (t(620)= 4.59, p< .001, d= 0.26), rest (t(620)= 7.80, p< .001, d= 0.44), and diet/exercise (t(620)= 2.97, p= .003, d= 0.17) for women compared to men. These results are consistent with social psychological theories of gender-based stereotyping and suggest that men’s pain was perceived to be more legitimate, severe, and disabling than was women’s pain. Future studies are needed to examine how these differences affect pain outcomes and whether knowledge of these factors can improve training for future health care providers.Item Gender Differences in the Effects of Support Exchanges on Self-Esteem and Mastery for Mid- to Late-Life Adults(Taylor and Francis, 2020-08-02) Irby-Shasanmi, Amy; Erving, Christy L.; Sociology, School of Liberal ArtsApplying social psychological theories of social exchange and gender socialization perspectives, we assess gender differences in the effects of receiving and giving social support on self-esteem and mastery (i.e., self-concept) for respondents in the United States. We also explore whether imbalances in support exchanges are beneficial or detrimental to self-concept for women (mean age = 72) and men (mean age = 73). We examine this topic using data from Mended Hearts volunteers. Methodologically, we investigate the gender patterns of self-esteem, mastery, and social support by examining common summary statistics (i.e., means, standard deviations, Cohen’s d) as well as locations and scales which attempt to account for skewness. We also compare results from bivariate correlations with regression analyses to ascertain if and when results converge. First, the means/standard deviations and locations/scales reveal different gendered patterns in self-concept and social support. Second, among women, we find a large positive effect of giving instrumental support on self-esteem in the regression analysis; on the other hand, the zero-order correlation reveals a weaker effect. For men, giving emotional support has a large positive effect on self-concept in both the bivariate and regression analysis. Third, reciprocity in instrumental support is generally beneficial for self-concept, but effects are larger for women. Fourth, imbalances in emotional support are associated with higher self-concept for women. Given the disjuncture between 1) summary statistics that do and do not take into account the skewness of the study measures and 2) correlations versus regression coefficients, our study suggests a need to critically address how methodological decisions (e.g., addressing skewness) affect results reported in social psychological studies and the conclusions drawn from them.Item Gender Differences: Smokers With and Without Substance Abuse History(Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, 2013-04-05) Bennett, Sonia M.; Romito, Laura M.; Christen, Arden G.Previous research suggests that individuals with chemical dependence history experience more intense nicotine addiction, and during smoking cessation may be more likely to demonstrate increased negative affect and unfavorable scores on psychometric assessments. It is unknown how men and women may differ in their susceptibilities to such undesirable outcomes. From 1992-2004, The Indiana University Nicotine Dependence Program (IUNDP) treated over 1200 patients using a Mayo Clinic-based protocol which assesses the behavioral, social, and physiological aspects of nicotine dependence. The IUNDP was instituted at Fairbanks Hospital’s addictions center to address tobacco use among the patients and staff. Charts of individuals who completed nicotine dependence treatment (1992-2011) were selected from IU School of Dentistry and Fairbanks Hospital for retrospective analysis. Chart selection criteria consisted of the availability of complete pre-and post quit measures for a minimum of four total appointments and two post-quit appointments. Reviewed were 107 charts from patients without a history of chemical dependence (ND) and 123 from those with a chemical dependence history (CD), including 120 men and 110 women. Student researchers used a standardized protocol to capture 16 tobacco use and demographic variables and 12 post-quit measures. Comparisons between CD and ND groups were made using Pearson chi-square tests for binary data, Wilcoxon rank sum tests for all other data, and Wilcoxon signed rank tests for changes between time periods. Despite similarities among CD and ND smokers, males and females appear to face distinct challenges. Results suggest CD males are significantly more negative in mood, and are more likely to have increased withdrawal symptoms at the end of treatment. Males were also more likely to experience adverse events with NRT. Both CD males and females experienced more increased appetite than their ND counterparts. Females scored higher on addiction-related sensorimotor manipulation and may have increased propensity for psychological dependence.