Browsing by Subject "Feces"

Now showing 1 - 8 of 8
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    Association between microbiome and the development of adverse posttraumatic neuropsychiatric sequelae after traumatic stress exposure
    (Springer Nature, 2023-11-18) Zeamer, Abigail L.; Salive, Marie-Claire; An, Xinming; Beaudoin, Francesca L.; House, Stacey L.; Stevens, Jennifer S.; Zeng, Donglin; Neylan, Thomas C.; Clifford, Gari D.; Linnstaedt, Sarah D.; Rauch, Scott L.; Storrow, Alan B.; Lewandowski, Christopher; Musey, Paul I., Jr.; Hendry, Phyllis L.; Sheikh, Sophia; Jones, Christopher W.; Punches, Brittany E.; Swor, Robert A.; Hudak, Lauren A.; Pascual, Jose L.; Seamon, Mark J.; Harris, Erica; Pearson, Claire; Peak, David A.; Merchant, Roland C.; Domeier, Robert M.; Rathlev, Niels K.; O’Neil, Brian J.; Sergot, Paulina; Sanchez, Leon D.; Bruce, Steven E.; Kessler, Ronald C.; Koenen, Karestan C.; McLean, Samuel A.; Bucci, Vanni; Haran, John P.; Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine
    Patients exposed to trauma often experience high rates of adverse post-traumatic neuropsychiatric sequelae (APNS). The biological mechanisms promoting APNS are currently unknown, but the microbiota-gut-brain axis offers an avenue to understanding mechanisms as well as possibilities for intervention. Microbiome composition after trauma exposure has been poorly examined regarding neuropsychiatric outcomes. We aimed to determine whether the gut microbiomes of trauma-exposed emergency department patients who develop APNS have dysfunctional gut microbiome profiles and discover potential associated mechanisms. We performed metagenomic analysis on stool samples (n = 51) from a subset of adults enrolled in the Advancing Understanding of RecOvery afteR traumA (AURORA) study. Two-, eight- and twelve-week post-trauma outcomes for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (PTSD checklist for DSM-5), normalized depression scores (PROMIS Depression Short Form 8b) and somatic symptom counts were collected. Generalized linear models were created for each outcome using microbial abundances and relevant demographics. Mixed-effect random forest machine learning models were used to identify associations between APNS outcomes and microbial features and encoded metabolic pathways from stool metagenomics. Microbial species, including Flavonifractor plautii, Ruminococcus gnavus and, Bifidobacterium species, which are prevalent commensal gut microbes, were found to be important in predicting worse APNS outcomes from microbial abundance data. Notably, through APNS outcome modeling using microbial metabolic pathways, worse APNS outcomes were highly predicted by decreased L-arginine related pathway genes and increased citrulline and ornithine pathways. Common commensal microbial species are enriched in individuals who develop APNS. More notably, we identified a biological mechanism through which the gut microbiome reduces global arginine bioavailability, a metabolic change that has also been demonstrated in the plasma of patients with PTSD.
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    Chemical Assay for the Detection of Vertebrate Fecal Metabolites in Adult Blow Flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
    (Oxford, 2018-06-06) Owings, Charity G.; Skaggs, Christine; Sheriff, Winyu; Manicke, Nicholas; Picard, Christine J.; Department of Biology, School of Science
    Filth flies are commonly implicated in pathogen transmission routes due to their affinity for vertebrate waste and their synanthropic associations. However, solidifying the link between flies and infected feces in the wild can be difficult, as interpretations made solely from microbial culturing or sequencing methods may represent an incomplete picture of pathogen acquisition. We present an analytical assay using high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC MS/MS) to detect vertebrate fecal metabolites (urobilinoids) in adult blow fly guts. Proof of concept experiments consisted of controlled feeding in which flies were grouped into three treatments (unfed, exposure to beef liver tissue, and exposure to canine feces; N = 20/treatment) using the black blow fly Phormia regina Meigen (Diptera: Calliphoridae). It was revealed that only feces-related samples exhibited peaks with an m/z of 591 and MS/MS spectra consistent with urobilinoids. These peaks were not seen for beef liver tissue, flies exposed to beef liver tissue, or unfed flies. Samples taken directly from beef liver tissue and from feces of several animals were also tested. To test this assay in wild flies, 216 flies were additionally analyzed to determine whether they had ingested vertebrate feces. About 13% of the wild flies exhibited these same peaks, providing a baseline measure of blow flies collected in urban and residential areas consuming feces from the environment. Overall, this assay can be used for P. regina collected in an applied setting and its integration with microbial culturing and sequencing methods will help to improve its use.
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    Development of Alcohol-Associated Hepatitis Is Associated With Specific Changes in Gut-Modified Bile Acids
    (Wolters Kluwer, 2022) Muthiah, Mark D.; Smirnova, Ekaterina; Puri, Puneet; Chalasani, Naga; Shah, Vijay H.; Kiani, Calvin; Taylor, Stephanie; Mirshahi, Faridoddin; Sanyal, Arun J.; Medicine, School of Medicine
    The perturbations in bile acids (BAs) in alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH) and its relationship to disease severity is not well defined. The aims of this study were to define (1) the effects of heavy alcohol consumption on BAs and related microbiome, (2) the additional changes with AH, and (3) the relationship of these changes to disease severity. In this multicenter study, plasma and fecal BAs and related microbiome were interrogated in healthy individuals, heavy drinking controls (HDCs) without overt liver disease, and AH. Compared to healthy controls, HDCs had increased glycine-conjugated 7α and 27α primary BAs and increased secondary BA glycocholenic sulfate (multiple-comparison adjusted P < 0.05 for all). Plasma-conjugated cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid increased in AH along with the secondary BAs ursodeoxycholic and lithocholic acid (P < 0.001 for all), whereas deoxycholic acid decreased; however fecal concentrations of both deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid were decreased. Glycocholenic acid further increased significantly from HDCs to AH. HDCs and AH had distinct plasma and fecal BA profiles (area under the curve, 0.99 and 0.93, respectively). Plasma taurochenodeoxycholic acid and tauroursodeoxycholic acid were directly related to disease severity, whereas fecal ursodeoxycholic acid was inversely related. The fecal abundance of multiple taxa involved in formation of secondary BAs, especially deoxycholic acid (Clostridium cluster XIVa) was decreased in AH. Multiple genera containing taxa expressing 3α, 3β, 7α, and 7β epimerases were decreased with concordant changes in fecal BAs that required these functions for formation. Conclusion: There are distinct changes in BA-transforming microbiota and corresponding BAs in AH that are related to disease severity.
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    Impact of Opioid and Nonopioid Drugs on Postsurgical Pain Management in the Rat
    (Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2016) Wilson, Natalie M.; Ripsch, Matthew S.; White, Fletcher A.; Department of Anesthesia, IU School of Medicine
    Aim. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or opioids are commonly used to control surgical pain following veterinary and clinical procedures. This study evaluated the efficacy of postoperative ketorolac or buprenorphine following abdominal surgery. Main Methods. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate, animal activity, corticosterone levels, and a nociceptive sensitivity assay were used to evaluate 18 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats which underwent aortic artery occlusion for implantation of a radiotelemetry device. The animals were treated postoperatively with intraperitoneal injections of vehicle, ketorolac (10 mg/kg), or buprenorphine (0.06 mg/kg) every 8 hours for 3 days. Key Findings. There were no consistent significant changes in any of the telemetry parameters after treatment with ketorolac compared with no saline treatment with the exception of increased MAP in the buprenorphine group during the first 48 hours when compared with other treatment groups. There was a sustained increase in fecal corticosterone levels from baseline on days 2-7 with buprenorphine compared with vehicle- or ketorolac-treated animals. All treatment conditions displayed reduced paw withdrawal thresholds (PWTs) from day 1 to day 21 following surgery. Compared with the vehicle treatment group, buprenorphine-treated animals exhibited significantly lower PWT levels from day 4 to 14 days. Significance. Given the prolonged increase in fecal corticosterone levels and pronounced changes in tactile hyperalgesia behavior in rodents subjected to buprenorphine treatment, these data suggest that ketorolac may be superior to buprenorphine for the treatment of postprocedure pain behavior in rodents.
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    Indiana State Board of Health Monthly Bulletin, 1906 Vol. 8 No. 7
    (1906) Hurty, John Newell, 1852-1925
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    Three-Year Interval for the Multi-Target Stool DNA Test for Colorectal Cancer Screening: A Longitudinal Study
    (American Association for Cancer Research, 2023) Imperiale, Thomas F.; Lavin, Philip T.; Marti, Tara N.; Jakubowski, Debbie; Itzkowitz, Steven H.; May, Folasade P.; Limburg, Paul J.; Sweetser, Seth; Daghestani, Anas; Berger, Barry M.; Medicine, School of Medicine
    Data supporting the clinical utility of multi-target stool DNA (mt-sDNA) at the guideline-recommended 3-year interval have not been reported.Between April 2015 and July 2016, candidates for colorectal cancer screening whose providers prescribed the mt-sDNA test were enrolled. Participants with a positive baseline test were recommended for colonoscopy and completed the study. Those with a negative baseline test were followed annually for 3 years. In year 3, the mt-sDNA test was repeated and colonoscopy was recommended independent of results. Data were analyzed using the Predictive Summary Index (PSI), a measure of the gain in certainty for dichotomous diagnostic tests (where a positive value indicates a net gain), and by comparing observed versus expected colorectal cancers and advanced precancerous lesions.Of 2,404 enrolled subjects, 2,044 (85%) had a valid baseline mt-sDNA result [284 (13.9%) positive and 1,760 (86.1%) negative]. Following participant attrition, the year 3 intention to screen cohort included 591 of 1,760 (33.6%) subjects with valid mt-sDNA and colonoscopy results, with no colorectal cancers and 63 advanced precancerous lesions [22 (34.9%) detected by mt-sDNA] and respective PSI values of 0% (P = 1) and 9.3% (P = 0.01). The observed 3-year colorectal cancer yield was lower than expected (one-sided P = 0.09), while that for advanced precancerous lesions was higher than expected (two-sided P = 0.009).Repeat mt-sDNA screening at a 3-year interval resulted in a statistically significant gain in detection of advanced precancerous lesions. Due to absence of year 3 colorectal cancers, the PSI estimate for colorectal cancer was underpowered and could not be reliably quantified. Larger studies are required to assess the colorectal cancer study findings. Prevention relevance: Understanding the 3-year yield of mt-sDNA for colorectal cancer and advanced precancerous polyps is required to ensure the clinical appropriateness of the 3-year interval and to optimize mt-sDNA's screening effectiveness.
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    What is the Clinical Impact of a Multiplex Gastrointestinal Panel in Children?
    (Oxford University Press, 2022) Liepmann, Claire; Hecht, Shaina; Pediatrics, School of Medicine