Browsing by Subject "Externalizing behaviors"

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    Exploring the relationship between polygenic risk for cannabis use, peer cannabis use, and the longitudinal course of cannabis involvement
    (Wiley, 2019-04) Johnson, Emma C.; Tillman, Rebecca; Aliev, Fazil; Meyers, Jacquelyn L.; Salvatore, Jessica E.; Anokhin, Andrey P.; Dick, Danielle M.; Edenberg, Howard J.; Kramer, John; Kuperman, Samuel; McCutcheon, Vivia V.; Nurnberger, John I., Jr.; Porjesz, Bernice; Schuckit, Marc; Tischfield, Jay; Bucholz, Kathleen K.; Agrawal, Arpana; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine
    Background and aims: Few studies have explored how polygenic propensity to cannabis use unfolds across development, and no studies have yet examined this question in the context of environmental contributions such as peer cannabis use. Outlining the factors that contribute to progression from cannabis initiation to problem use over time may ultimately provide insights into mechanisms for targeted interventions. We sought to examine the relationships between polygenic liability for cannabis use, cannabis use trajectories across ages 12–30, and perceived peer cannabis use at ages 12–17. Design: Mixed effect logistic and linear regressions were used to examine associations between polygenic risk scores, cannabis use trajectory membership, and perceived peer cannabis use. Setting: USA Participants: From the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) study, a cohort of 1,167 individuals aged 12–26 years at their baseline (i.e., first) interview. Measurements: Key measurements included lifetime cannabis use (yes/no), frequency of past 12-month cannabis use, maximum lifetime frequency of cannabis use, cannabis use disorder (using DSM-5 criteria), and perceived peer cannabis use. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) were created using summary statistics from a large (N = 162,082) genome-wide association study (GWAS) of cannabis use. Three trajectories reflecting no/low (n=844), moderate (n=137) and high (n=186) use were identified. PRS were significantly associated with trajectory membership (p=0.002 – 0.006, maximum conditional R2 = 0.014, ORs = 1.40 – 1.49). Individuals who reported that most/all of their best friends used cannabis had significantly higher PRS than those who reported that none of their friends were users (OR = 1.35, 95% C.I. = [1.04, 1.75], p = 0.023). Perceived peer use itself explained up to 11.3% of the variance in trajectory class membership (OR: 1.50 – 4.65). When peer cannabis use and the cannabis use PRS were entered into the model simultaneously, both the PRS and peer use continued to be significantly associated with class membership (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Genetic propensity to cannabis use derived from heterogeneous samples appears to correlate with longitudinal increases in cannabis use frequency in young adults.
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    Substance use disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder symptomology on behavioral outcomes among juvenile justice youth
    (Wiley, 2019-01) Winningham, Rahissa D.; Banks, Devin E.; Buetlich, Marcy R.; Aalsma, Matthew C.; Zapolski, Tamika C. B.; Psychology, School of Science
    BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Substance use behaviors have been identified as a risk factor that places juveniles at greater risk for engaging in delinquent behaviors and continual contact with the juvenile justice system. Currently, there is lack of research that explores comorbid factors associated with substance use, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, that could help identify youth who are at greatest risk. The aim of the present study was to examine if PTSD symptomology moderated the relationship between substance use disorder (SUD) symptoms and externalizing behaviors and commission of a violent crime; hypothesizing that risk would be heightened among youth with elevated SUD and PTSD symptomology compared to those with elevated SUD symptoms but lower PTSD symptoms. METHOD: The study included 194 predominantly male (78.4%), non-White (74.2%) juvenile justice youth between the ages of 9-18 (M = 15.36). Youth provided responses to assess PTSD symptoms, SUD symptoms, and externalizing behaviors. Commission of a violent crime was based on parole officer report. RESULTS: Findings indicated that SUD symptomology was associated with greater externalizing behaviors at high levels of PTSD symptomology. At low levels of PTSD symptomology, SUD symptoms were inversely associated with externalizing behaviors. An interactive relationship was not observed for commission of violent crimes. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that the association between SUD symptoms and externalizing behaviors among juvenile offenders may be best explained by the presence of PTSD symptomology. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: Addressing PTSD rather than SUD symptoms may be a better target for reducing risk for externalizing behaviors among this population of youth (Am J Addict 2019;28:29-35).