Browsing by Subject "Electrolytes"
Now showing 1 - 5 of 5
Results Per Page
Sort Options
Item Comparative Effects of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors on Serum Electrolyte Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Pairwise and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials(Wolters Kluwer, 2022-01-19) Zhang, Jingjing; Huan, Yonghong; Leibensperger, Mark; Seo, Bojung; Song, Yiqing; Epidemiology, School of Public HealthBackground: Previous studies have reported that sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors (SGLT2is) affect levels of serum electrolytes, especially magnesium. This study aimed to integrate direct and indirect trial evidence to maximize statistical power to clarify their overall and comparative effects in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov up to January 2021 to identify eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of SGLT2is that reported mean changes in serum electrolytes, including magnesium, sodium, potassium, phosphate, and calcium. We performed both random-effects pairwise and network meta-analyses to calculate the weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: In total, we included 25 RCTs involving 28,269 patients with T2D and 6 SGLT2is. Compared with placebo, SGLT2is were significantly associated with elevations in serum magnesium by 0.07 mmol/L (95% CI, 0.06 to 0.08 mmol/L) and serum phosphate by 0.03 mmol/L (95% CI, 0.02 to 0.04 mmol/L). Our network meta-analysis showed no evidence of significantly superior efficacy of any specific SGLT2 inhibitor over the others, although dapagliflozin was associated with a larger increment in serum magnesium (WMD=0.16 mmol/L) compared with other SGLT2is. Similarly, no statistically detectable differences among the effects of SGLT2is on serum levels of other electrolytes were detected. Conclusions: SGLT2is significantly increased serum magnesium and phosphate levels, consistent with a class effect of SGLT2 inhibition. However, further investigations of long-term efficacy and safety in patients with T2D with different clinical phenotypes are needed.Item Fan of black licorice? Beware of its dark side − it can be dangerous for your health(The Conversation US, Inc., 2020-10-26) Sullivan, BillItem Mineral Content of Water From Public Fountains Along the Monon Trail in Central Indiana(2024) Bakhaider, Renad Fahad; Lippert, Frank; E. Soto Rojas, Armando; Capin, OrianaBackground: The Monon trail is one of the most popular trails located in central Indiana that the public uses for various physical activities, such as cycling, jogging, and walking. Physical activity, especially in the summer, causes the body to dehydrate and lose some of its electrolytes via sweating (e.g., calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium). These minerals are considered important in regulating some of the body’s chemical and biological reactions. Therefore, water fountains are located along the trail. However, no study has thus far investigated the mineral composition of water provided along the Monon trail and how it compares with commonly used bottled water. Fluoride is added to tap water in many communities in the US for the prevention of dental caries (community water fluoridation). However, whether water provided by these fountains meets the recommended fluoride level by the CDC for caries prevention has not been established. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the fluoride, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium contents from water samples collected from all water fountains along the Monon trail and to compare their mineral concentrations to commercially available bottled waters. As an exploratory objective, we also assessed the utilization of theses fountains by the users of the Monon trail. Objectives: The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the fluoride, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium contents of water from public drinking water fountains along the Monon trail in central Indiana. The secondary aim was to compare the nutritional value of the collected water samples to that of commercially available bottled waters. An exploratory objective will be to study the utilization of these fountains by users of the Monon trail. Methodology: Two 50-ml samples of water from each fountain along the Monon Trail were collected. The fluoride concentration was determined using a fluoride ion-specific electrode (Orion #96-909-00). The calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium contents were determined by atomic absorption spectrometer, equipped with deuterium and cathode lamps at wave lengths of 422.7 nm, 285.2 nm, 589.0 nm, and 766.5 nm, respectively. Data collected from water samples were compared to those of bottled water available in Indianapolis, Indiana, using data from a recently conducted study. Mineral data of water samples were compared to recommended dietary allowances (calcium and magnesium) or adequate intakes (potassium and sodium) as established by the Institutes of Medicine. The utilization of those fountains by cyclists, runners/joggers, and walkers was also investigated by conducting an observational study at each water fountain during a one-hour period in mid- to late afternoon during a weekday and weekend. Data collection was taken twice, one month apart. The statistical analyses of the study were carried out using two-sided two sample t-tests at 5-% significance level. Results: The author identified seven water fountains along the Monon trail during the study period. Fluoride concentration was generally high (mean 1.01 parts per million [ppm]). Calcium concentration ranged from 45 ppm to 81 ppm (mean, 60.9 ppm) which was greater than those of magnesium (range, 4.8 ppm to 13.7 ppm; mean 8.4 ppm), sodium (range, 14.7 ppm to 78.1 ppm; mean 40.5 ppm), and potassium (range, 1.2 ppm to 2.2 ppm; mean 1.6 ppm). Overall, water fountains provided meaningful contributions to adequate intake of fluoride. However, the contributions to adequate intake of sodium and potassium, or to the recommended dietary allowances for calcium and magnesium were lower. Moreover, water from fountains was found to contain higher mineral concentrations than most bottled waters. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, it was found that water fountains are a valuable source of rehydration and essential mineral replenishment during and after physical activity, as they provide greater nutritious values than most bottled waters. Furthermore, it was found that F concentration in water fountains satisfies the standards needed to prevent dental caries.Item Multielectron Organic Redoxmers for Energy-Dense Redox Flow Batteries(ACS, 2022-01) Fang, Xiaoting; Li, Zhiguang; Zhao, Yuyue; Yue, Diqing; Zhang, Lu; Wei, Xiaoliang; Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering and TechnologyRedox flow battery is a highly promising stationary energy storage method, but the limited energy density and high chemical cost are among the main barriers for commercialization. Multielectron organic redoxmers represent a family of structurally tailorable candidates that can achieve multiplied energy density with decreased materials consumption, potentially resulting in a viable solution to address these challenges. Here, the recent development of organic molecules with reversible multiredox activities in both aqueous and nonaqueous electrolytes is reviewed. The major focus is on the fundamental correlation between the chemical structures and the functional properties of reported multielectron organic molecules. Valuable insights are offered on rational structural design strategies for improving the relevant physicochemical and electrochemical properties. Finally, the current challenges are discussed to suggest future research needs along the avenue of using the multielectron approach to achieve energy-dense, stable, cost-effective redox flow batteries.Item Poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) polymer electrolyte for paper-based and flexible battery applications(AIP, 2016-06-01) Aliahmad, Nojan; Shrestha, Sudhir; Varahramyan, Kody; Agarwal, Mangilal; Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering and TechnologyPaper-based batteries represent a new frontier in battery technology. However, low-flexibility and poor ionic conductivity of solid electrolytes have been major impediments in achieving practical mechanically flexible batteries. This work discuss new highly ionic conductive polymer gel electrolytes for paper-based battery applications. In this paper, we present a poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDH-HFP) porous membrane electrolyte enhanced with lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulphone)imide (LiTFSI) and lithium aluminum titanium phosphate (LATP), with an ionic conductivity of 2.1 × 10−3 S cm−1. Combining ceramic (LATP) with the gel structure of PVDF-HFP and LiTFSI ionic liquid harnesses benefits of ceramic and gel electrolytes in providing flexible electrolytes with a high ionic conductivity. In a flexibility test experiment, bending the polymer electrolyte at 90° for 20 times resulted in 14% decrease in ionic conductivity. Efforts to further improving the flexibility of the presented electrolyte are ongoing. Using this electrolyte, full-cell batteries with lithium titanium oxide (LTO) and lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) electrodes and (i) standard metallic current collectors and (ii) paper-based current collectors were fabricated and tested. The achieved specific capacities were (i) 123 mAh g−1 for standard metallic current collectors and (ii) 99.5 mAh g−1 for paper-based current collectors. Thus, the presented electrolyte has potential to become a viable candidate in paper-based and flexible battery applications. Fabrication methods, experimental procedures, and test results for the polymer gel electrolyte and batteries are presented and discussed.