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Item A meta-analytic review of the effectiveness of mood inductions in eliciting emotion-based behavioral risk-taking and craving in the laboratory(American Psychological Association, 2023) Um, Miji; Revilla, Rebecca; Cyders, Melissa A.; Psychology, School of ScienceUrgency research supports the role of emotions in risk-taking and craving. However, much of this work is based in self-report. It is not yet known whether existing experimental methods can effectively induce emotion-based risk-taking and craving. The present meta-analysis quantified the effectiveness of mood inductions in inducing risk-taking and craving in the laboratory. We also examined potential moderators, including participant factors, changes in emotional arousal, and study design factors. For negative mood inductions, the degree of changes in risk-taking (k = 35, Hedge’s g (SE) = 0.12 (0.04), 95% CI [0.04 – 0.21]) and craving (k = 37, Hedge’s g (SE) = 0.30 (0.06), 95% CI [0.19 – 0.40]) were small. Increases in emotional arousal were significantly related to increases in craving (B* = 0.26). For positive mood inductions, there was no significant change in risk-taking (k = 18, Hedge’s g (SE) = 0.17 (0.11), 95% CI [−0.04 – 0.38]) nor craving (k = 8, Hedge’s g (SE) = −0.10 (0.10), 95% CI [−0.31 – 0.10]); however, false positive feedback produced the largest increase in risk-taking. Study samples using guided imagery produced a moderate decrease in risk-taking. Overall, existing negative mood inductions increased risk-taking and craving in the laboratory to a small degree. Existing positive mood inductions failed to elicit risk-taking or craving, although the literature in this domain was sparser. We suggest that there is a great need to develop and optimize mood induction methods to better study emotion-based risk-taking and craving in the laboratory.Item CHRNA5/A3/B4 Variant rs3743078 and Nicotine-Related Phenotypes: Indirect Effects Through Nicotine Craving(Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies, 2016-03) Shmulewitz, Dvora; Meyers, Jacquelyn L.; Wall, Melanie M.; Aharonovich, Efrat; Frisch, Amos; Spivak, Baruch; Weizman, Abraham; Edenberg, Howard J.; Gelernter, Joel; Hasin, Deborah S.; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IU School of MedicineOBJECTIVE: Nicotine craving is considered an important element in the persistence of cigarette smoking, but little is known about the role of craving in the widely recognized association between variants mapped to the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (CHRN) genes on chromosome 15 and nicotine phenotypes. METHOD: The associations between CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 variants and cigarettes per day (CPD), the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), and craving were analyzed in data from 662 lifetime smokers from an Israeli adult Jewish household sample. Indirect effects of genotype on nicotine phenotypes through craving were formally tested using regression and bootstrapping procedures. RESULTS: At CHRNA3, allele G of rs3743078 was associated with increased craving, CPD, and FTND scores: Participants with one or two copies of the G allele had, on average, higher scores on the craving scale (p = .0025), more cigarettes smoked (p = .0057), and higher scores on the FTND (p =.0024). With craving in the model, variant rs3743078 showed a significant indirect effect through craving on CPD (p = .0026) and on FTND score (p = .0024). A sizeable proportion of the total rs3743078 effect on CPD (56.4%) and FTND (65.2%) was indirect through craving. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that nicotine craving may play a central role in nicotine use disorders and may have utility as a therapeutic target.Item Oxytocin moderates corticolimbic social stress reactivity in cocaine use disorder and healthy controls(Elsevier, 2022-06-12) Joseph, Jane E.; Bustos, Nicholas; Crum, Kathleen; Flanagan, Julianne; Baker, Nathaniel L.; Hartwell, Karen; Santa-Maria, Megan Moran; Brady, Kathleen; McRae-Clark, Aimee; Psychiatry, School of MedicineSocial stress can contribute to the development of substance use disorders (SUDs) and increase the likelihood of relapse. Oxytocin (OT) is a potential pharmacotherapy that may buffer the effects of social stress on arousal and reward neurocircuitry. However, more research is needed to understand how OT moderates the brain's response to social stress in SUDs. The present study examined the effect of intransasal OT (24 IU) versus placebo (PBO) on corticolimbic functional connectivity associated with acute social stress in individuals with cocaine use disorder (CUD; n = 67) and healthy controls (HC; n = 52). Psychophysiological interaction modeling used the left and right amygdala as seed regions with the left and right orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortex as a priori regions of interest. Moderators of the OT response included childhood trauma history and biological sex, which were examined in independent analyses. The main finding was that OT normalized corticolimbic connectivity (left amygdala-orbitofrontal and left amygdala-anterior cingulate) as a function of childhood trauma such that connectivity was different between trauma-present and trauma-absent groups on PBO, but not between trauma groups on OT. Effects of OT on corticolimbic connectivity were not different as a function of diagnosis (CUD vs HC) or sex. However, OT reduced subjective anxiety during social stress for CUD participants who reported childhood trauma compared to PBO and normalized craving response as a function of sex in CUD. The present findings add to some prior findings of normalizing effects of OT on corticolimbic circuitry in individuals with trauma histories and provide some initial support that OT can normalize subjective anxiety and craving in CUD.