Browsing by Subject "Cognitive"

Now showing 1 - 7 of 7
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    Exposure to Epstein Barr Virus and Cognitive Functioning in Individuals with Schizophrenia
    (Elsevier, 2021) Dickerson, Faith; Katsafanas, Emily; Origoni, Andrea; Squire, Amalia; Khushalani, Sunil; Newman, Theresa; Rowe, Kelly; Stallings, Cassie; Savage, Christina L. G.; Sweeney, Kevin; Nguyen, Tanya T.; Breier, Alan; Goff, Donald; Ford, Glen; Jones-Brando, Lorraine; Yolken, Robert; Psychiatry, School of Medicine
    Cognitive deficits are a central feature of schizophrenia whose etiology is not fully understood. Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) is a potentially neurotropic infectious agent that can generate persistent infections with immunomodulatory effects. Previous studies have found an association between EBV antibodies and cognitive functioning in different populations, but there has been limited investigation in schizophrenia. In this study, 84 individuals with schizophrenia were administered a comprehensive neuropsychological battery, the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). Participants also provided a blood sample, from which antibodies to the EBV whole virion and specific proteins were measured. Multivariate models were constructed to determine the association between these antibodies and cognitive performance on the MCCB overall and domain scores. Using these models, we found a significant association between the MCCB overall percent composite score and level of antibodies to the EBV Nuclear Antigen-1 (EBNA-1) protein, the Viral Capsid Antigen (VCA) protein, and the EBV whole virion. A significant association was also found for the MCCB social cognition domain with the level of antibodies to the EBV Nuclear Antigen-1 (EBNA-1) protein, the Viral Capsid Antigen (VCA) protein, and the EBV whole virion. In all cases, a higher level of antibodies was associated with a lower level cognitive performance. These findings suggest that exposure to EBV may contribute to cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, a finding which may have implications for new methods of prevention and treatment.
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    Neurodevelopmental Outcome of Young Children with Biliary Atresia and Native Liver: Results from the ChiLDReN Study
    (Elsevier, 2018-05) Ng, Vicky L.; Sorensen, Lisa G.; Alonso, Estella M.; Fredericks, Emily M.; Ye, Wen; Moore, Jeff; Karpen, Saul J.; Shneider, Benjamin L.; Molleston, Jean P.; Bezerra, Jorge A.; Murray, Karen F.; Loomes, Kathleen M.; Rosenthal, Philip; Squires, Robert H.; Wang, Kasper; Arnon, Ronen; Schwarz, Kathleen B.; Turmelle, Yumirle P.; Haber, Barbara H.; Sherker, Averell H.; Magee, John C.; Sokol, Ronald J.; Pediatrics, School of Medicine
    OBJECTIVES: To assess neurodevelopmental outcomes among participants with biliary atresia with their native liver at ages 12 months (group 1) and 24 months (group 2), and to evaluate variables predictive of neurodevelopmental impairment. STUDY DESIGN: Participants enrolled in a prospective, longitudinal, multicenter study underwent neurodevelopmental testing with either the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 2nd edition, or Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd edition. Scores (normative mean = 100 ± 15) were categorized as ≥100, 85-99, and <85 for χ2 analysis. Risk for neurodevelopmental impairment (defined as ≥1 score of <85 on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 2nd edition, or Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd edition, scales) was analyzed using logistic regression. RESULTS: There were 148 children who completed 217 Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd edition, examinations (group 1, n = 132; group 2, n = 85). Neurodevelopmental score distributions significantly shifted downward compared with test norms at 1 and 2 years of age. Multivariate analysis identified ascites (OR, 3.17; P = .01) and low length z-scores at time of testing (OR, 0.70; P < .04) as risk factors for physical/motor impairment; low weight z-score (OR, 0.57; P = .001) and ascites (OR, 2.89; P = .01) for mental/cognitive/language impairment at 1 year of age. An unsuccessful hepatoportoenterostomy was predictive of both physical/motor (OR, 4.88; P < .02) and mental/cognitive/language impairment (OR, 4.76; P = .02) at 2 years of age. CONCLUSION: Participants with biliary atresia surviving with native livers after hepatoportoenterostomy are at increased risk for neurodevelopmental delays at 12 and 24 months of age. Those with unsuccessful hepatoportoenterostomy are >4 times more likely to have neurodevelopmental impairment compared with those with successful hepatoportoenterostomy. Growth delays and/or complications indicating advanced liver disease should alert clinicians to the risk for neurodevelopmental delays, and expedite appropriate interventions.
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    Prospective assessment of white matter integrity in adult stem cell transplant recipients
    (Springer, 2016-06) Correa, D. D.; Wang, Y.; West, J. D.; Peck, K. K.; Root, J. C.; Baser, R. E.; Thaler, H. T.; Shore, T. B.; Jakubowski, A.; Saykin, A. J.; Relkin, N.; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, School of Medicine
    Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is often used in the treatment of hematologic disorders. Although it can be curative, the pre-transplant conditioning regimen can be associated with neurotoxicity. In this prospective study, we examined white matter (WM) integrity with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and neuropsychological functioning before and one year after HSCT in twenty-two patients with hematologic disorders and ten healthy controls evaluated at similar intervals. Eighteen patients received conditioning treatment with high-dose (HD) chemotherapy, and four had full dose total body irradiation (fTBI) and HD chemotherapy prior to undergoing an allogeneic or autologous HSCT. The results showed a significant decrease in mean diffusivity (MD) and axial diffusivity (AD) in diffuse WM regions one year after HSCT (p-corrected <0.05) in the patient group compared to healthy controls. At baseline, patients treated with allogeneic HSCT had higher MD and AD in the left hemisphere WM than autologous HSCT patients (p-corrected <0.05). One year post-transplant, patients treated with allogeneic HSCT had lower fractional anisotropy (FA) and higher radial diffusivity (RD) in the right hemisphere and left frontal WM compared to patients treated with autologous HSCT (p-corrected <0.05). There were modest but significant correlations between MD values and cognitive test scores, and these were greatest for timed tests and in projection tracts. Patients showed a trend toward a decline in working memory, and had lower cognitive test scores than healthy controls at the one-year assessment. The findings suggest a relatively diffuse pattern of alterations in WM integrity in adult survivors of HSCT.
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    Running and Art and Therapy: A Combined Approach to Reducing State Anxiety
    (2019) Collins, Anne; Leigh, Heather
    This study is a one-group, pre-/post-test design that uses a self-report to measure anxiety levels. It seeks to determine if running and kinesthetic art making can have an impact on decreasing symptoms of anxiety and whether combining art making and running will have a greater impact on reduction in symptoms. To date, little research has been done combining treatment methods to help decrease symptoms of anxiety. This research also looks at how anxiety is experienced in the mind (cognitive) and the body (somatic) and how treatment can be adapted to target specific symptoms. This research utilized the State Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (STICSA) to determine what types of anxiety experienced by the researcher and what type of intervention, running or art making, would have a greater impact in reducing types of anxiety. Results showed an overall decrease in STICSA scores over the three-week study period. Running decreased both cognitive and somatic scores and art making showed the greatest decrease in cognitive scores. When running and art making were combined, results demonstrated further reduction in the somatic symptom category. The results indicated that both art as therapy and running as therapy have an impact on anxiety. Additional research would be beneficial to understand how these combined therapies could be applied to reduce the cognitive and somatic symptoms of anxiety.
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    The Best of Two Worlds to Promote Healthy Cognitive Aging: Definition and Classification Approach of Hybrid Physical Training Interventions
    (JMIR, 2024-07-31) Herold, Fabian; Theobald, Paula; Gronwald, Thomas; Kaushal, Navin; Zou, Liye; de Bruin, Eling D.; Bherer, Louis; Müller, Notger G.; Health Sciences, School of Health and Human Sciences
    A healthy lifestyle can be an important prerequisite to prevent or at least delay the onset of dementia. However, the large number of physically inactive adults underscores the need for developing and evaluating intervention approaches aimed at improving adherence to a physically active lifestyle. In this regard, hybrid physical training, which usually combines center- and home-based physical exercise sessions and has proven successful in rehabilitative settings, could offer a promising approach to preserving cognitive health in the aging population. Despite its potential, research in this area is limited as hybrid physical training interventions have been underused in promoting healthy cognitive aging. Furthermore, the absence of a universally accepted definition or a classification framework for hybrid physical training interventions poses a challenge to future progress in this direction. To address this gap, this article informs the reader about hybrid physical training by providing a definition and classification approach of different types, discussing their specific advantages and disadvantages, and offering recommendations for future research. Specifically, we focus on applying digital technologies to deliver home-based exercises, as their use holds significant potential for reaching underserved and marginalized groups, such as older adults with mobility impairments living in rural areas.
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    What are the Effects of Parent Involved Interventions on Functional Outcomes for Children with ADHD?
    (2025-05-06) Craigmyle, Claire; Dika, Leila; Lemmons, Karlie; Reitz, Sarah; Chase, Tony; Lee, Chang Dae; Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health and Human Sciences; ., .
    This rapid systematic review examined the effectiveness of parent-involved interventions on functional outcomes for children with ADHD. Family-centered care is an important component of pediatric occupational therapy since parents contribute to maintaining their child’s environment emphasizing the importance of including parents in the treatment approach. Within the research, a variety of parent-involved interventions were found to have implications on functional outcomes for children with ADHD, including behavioral, mindfulness, dyadic, and cognitive approaches. The results found that there is strong evidence to support the effectiveness of parental involvement in enhancing functional outcomes for children with ADHD. However, with the limitations of this rapid systematic review, further research needs to be conducted. Occupational therapists have the potential to play a crucial role in addressing barriers to occupational performance and supporting families in establishing effective strategies to enhance functional outcomes for children with ADHD.
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    What causes severe malaria and its complications in children? Lessons learned over the past 15 years
    (BMC, 2019-03-07) Conroy, Andrea L.; Datta, Dibyadyuti; John, Chandy C.; Pediatrics, School of Medicine
    Over the past 15 years, malaria mortality has reduced by approximately 50%. However, malaria still causes more than 400,000 deaths annually, most of which occur in African children under 5 years of age. Significant advances in understanding the pathogenesis of the disease provide a basis for future work to prevent severe malaria and its complications. Herein, we provide an overview of advances in our understanding of severe malaria in African children over the past 15 years, highlighting key complications and identifying priorities to further reduce malaria-associated mortality.