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Browsing by Subject "Circadian rhythms"
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Item Circadian rhythms in diabetic retinopathy: an overview of pathogenesis and investigational drugs(Taylor & Francis, 2020) Bhatwadekar, Ashay D.; Rameswara, Varun; Ophthalmology, School of MedicineIntroduction: Circadian rhythm is a natural endogenous process occurring roughly every 24 hours. Circadian rhythm dysfunction is involved in diabetic retinopathy (DR) pathogenesis. Interestingly, there are investigational drugs that exhibit potential in the treatment of DR by targeting circadian rhythm dysfunction. Areas covered: We performed a literature search in June 2020 using PubMed's Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms 'circadian clock,' 'circadian rhythms,' and 'diabetic retinopathy.' This article offers an overview of the physiology of the biological clock and clock regulatory genes and presents an examination of the retinal clock. It discusses the pathogenic mechanisms of DR and emphasizes how circadian rhythm dysfunction at structural, physiological, metabolic and cellular levels, plays a critical role in the development of DR. The latter part of the paper sheds light on those investigational drugs (such as melatonin, tasimelteon and metformin) which exhibit potential in the treatment of DR by the targeting of circadian rhythm dysfunction. Expert opinion: An enhanced understanding of circadian rhythm and its role in DR could offer therapeutic potential by targeting of circadian rhythm dysfunction.Item Implementation of Sleep and Circadian Science: Recommendations from the Sleep Research Society and National Institutes of Health Workshop(Oxford, 2016-12-01) Parthasarathy, Sairam; Carskadon, Mary A.; Jean-Louis, Girardin; Owens, Judith; Bramoweth, Adam; Combs, Daniel; Hale, Lauren; Harrison, Elizabeth; Hart, Chantelle N.; Hasler, Brant P.; Honaker, Sarah M.; Hertenstein, Elisabeth; Kuna, Samuel; Kushida, Clete; Levenson, Jessica C.; Murray, Caitlin; Pack, Allan I.; Pillai, Vivek; Pruiksma, Kristi; Seixas, Azizi; Strollo, Patrick; Thosar, Saurabh S.; Williams, Natasha; Buysse, Daniel; Pediatrics, School of MedicineItem Peripheral immune circadian variation, synchronisation and possible dysrhythmia in established type 1 diabetes(Springer, 2021-08) Beam, Craig A.; Beli, Eleni; Wasserfall, Clive H.; Woerner, Stephanie E.; Legge, Megan T.; Evans-Molina, Carmella; McGrail, Kieran M.; Silk, Ryan; Grant, Maria B.; Atkinson, Mark A.; DiMeglio, Linda A.; Pediatrics, School of MedicineAims/hypothesis: The circadian clock influences both diabetes and immunity. Our goal in this study was to characterise more thoroughly the circadian patterns of immune cell populations and cytokines that are particularly relevant to the immune pathology of type 1 diabetes and thus fill in a current gap in our understanding of this disease. Methods: Ten individuals with established type 1 diabetes (mean disease duration 11 years, age 18-40 years, six female) participated in a circadian sampling protocol, each providing six blood samples over a 24 h period. Results: Daily ranges of population frequencies were sometimes large and possibly clinically significant. Several immune populations, such as dendritic cells, CD4 and CD8 T cells and their effector memory subpopulations, CD4 regulatory T cells, B cells and cytokine IL-6, exhibited statistically significant circadian rhythmicity. In a comparison with historical healthy control individuals, but using shipped samples, we observed that participants with type 1 diabetes had statistically significant phase shifts occurring in the time of peak occurrence of B cells (+4.8 h), CD4 and CD8 T cells (~ +5 h) and their naive and effector memory subsets (~ +3.3 to +4.5 h), and regulatory T cells (+4.1 h). An independent streptozotocin murine experiment confirmed the phase shifting of CD8 T cells and suggests that circadian dysrhythmia in type 1 diabetes might be an effect and not a cause of the disease. Conclusions/interpretation: Future efforts investigating this newly described aspect of type 1 diabetes in human participants are warranted. Peripheral immune populations should be measured near the same time of day in order to reduce circadian-related variation.