Browsing by Subject "Child Development"
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Item Child exposure to parental violence and psychological distress associated with delayed milestones(American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), 2013-12) Gilbert, Amy Lewis; Bauer, Nerissa S.; Carroll, Aaron E.; Downs, Stephen M.; Department of Pediatrics, IU School of MedicineOBJECTIVE: To examine the association between parental report of intimate partner violence (IPV) and parental psychological distress (PPD) with child attainment of developmental milestones. METHODS: By using data collected from a large cohort of primary care patients, this cross-sectional study examined the relationship between parental report of IPV and/or PPD and the attainment of developmental milestones within the first 72 months of a child's life. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to adjust for parental report of child abuse concern and sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: Our study population included 16 595 subjects. Children of parents reporting both IPV and PPD (n = 88; 0.5%) were more likely to fail at least 1 milestone across the following developmental domains: language (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3-3.3), personal-social (aOR 1.9; 95% CI 1.2-2.9), and gross motor (aOR 3.0; 95% CI 1.8-5.0). Significant associations for those reporting IPV-only (n = 331; 2.0%) were found for language (aOR 1.4; 95% CI 1.1-1.9), personal-social (aOR 1.7; 95% CI 1.4-2.2), and fine motor-adaptive (aOR 1.7; 95% CI 1.0-2.7). Significant associations for those reporting PPD-only (n = 1920; 11.6%) were found for: language (aOR 1.5; 95% CI 1.3-1.7), personal-social (aOR 1.6; 95% CI 1.5-1.8), gross motor (aOR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4-1.8), and fine-motor adaptive (aOR 1.6; 95% CI 1.3-2.0). CONCLUSIONS: Screening children for IPV and PPD helps identify those at risk for poor developmental outcomes who may benefit from early intervention.Item Dental developmental age versus chronological age as predictors of children's functioning in five developmental skill areas(1971) Barton, Douglas Harvey; Mercer, Victor H., 1928-The purpose of this study was to test the relationship between dental developmental age and chronologic age as they relate to other aspects of the child's development. The dental developmental age was determined on 74 children, 40 males and 34 females, ranging in age from two to 11 years. The sample population was chosen at random from patients at the Indiana University School of Dentistry. The socio-economic status was determined according to the North-Hatt Occupational Scale; 14.3 per cent of the children fell in the upper class, 84.3 per cent in the middle class, and 1.4 per cent in the lower class. Analysis by race showed that 71.6 per cent of the sample were Caucasian, 23.0 per cent were Negroid, and 5.4 per cent were Oriental. Panoramic radiography, with the S.S. White Panorex, was used to evaluate dental developmental age. Two independent observers scored the radiographs and double blind procedures were used. To determine dental developmental age, Wolanski's method of tooth formation evaluation was used. To determine functioning of children in five developmental skills areas, the Alpern-Boll Developmental Skills Inventory was used. Dental developmental age and chronologic age had a significant positive relationship to children's functioning in five developmental skills areas. There is a chronologic period when determination of dental age appears to be difficult. The data available and methodology for determining dental developmental age of the four-year-old female and the five-year-old male seems to be inadequate. Dental developmental age seems to be a better predictor of general developmental skills for males than it does for females, specifically in the two to eight-year-old group. The highest correlations were found in the youngest age group, i.e. the two to five-year-olds. The correlations between dental developmental age and chronologic age, and between those two indices and the five developmental skills ages remains highly significant in the younger ages but decreases consistently as the child becomes older. The specific age as well as the sex of the child has a definite effect on the correlations obtained. The use of dental developmental age is good but not superior to the use of chronologic age for predicting functioning for normal children. This may not be the case for atypical children. More study is indicated.Item Early cow's milk introduction is associated with failed personal-social milestones after 1 year of age(Springer-Verlag, 2014-07) Bennett, William E.; Hendrix, Kristin S.; Thompson-Fleming, Rachel T.; Downs, Stephen M.; Carroll, Aaron E.; Department of Pediatrics, IU School of MedicineBoth the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommend delaying the introduction of cow's milk until after 1 year of age due to its low absorbable iron content. We used a novel computerized decision support system to gather data from multiple general pediatrics offices. We asked families whether their child received cow's milk before 1 year of age, had a low-iron diet, or used low-iron formula. Then, at subsequent visits, we performed a modified developmental assessment using the Denver II. We assessed the effect of early cow's milk or a low-iron diet on the later failure of achieving developmental milestones. We controlled for covariates using logistic regression. Early cow's milk introduction (odds ratio (OR) 1.30, p = 0.012), as well as a low-iron diet or low-iron formula (OR 1.42, p < 0.001), was associated with increased rates of milestone failure. Only personal-social milestones (OR 1.44, p = 0.002) showed a significantly higher rate of milestone failure. Both personal-social (OR 1.42, p < 0.001) and language (OR 1.22, p = 0.009) showed higher rates of failure in children with a low-iron diet. CONCLUSIONS: There is an association between the introduction of cow's milk before 1 year of age and the rate of delayed developmental milestones after 1 year of age. This adds strength to the recommendations from the AAP and IOM to delay cow's milk introduction until after 1 year of age.Item Growth Faltering and Developmental Delay in HIV-Exposed Uninfected Ugandan Infants: A Prospective Cohort Study(Wolters Kluwer, 2021-05) Sirajee, Reshma; Conroy, Andrea L.; Namasopo, Sophie; Opoka, Robert O.; Lavoie, Stephanie; Forgie, Sarah; Salami, Bukola O.; Hawkes, Michael T.; Pediatrics, School of MedicineBACKGROUND: HIV-exposed but uninfected (HEU) infants are at increased risk of impaired early linear growth and cognitive development. We examined associations between prenatal and postnatal growth and subsequent neurodevelopment in Ugandan HEU infants, hypothesizing that early insults may explain alterations in both somatic growth and brain development. METHODS: We prospectively followed a cohort of HEU infants from birth to 18 months of age, and measured length/height, weight, head, and arm circumference longitudinally. The Malawi Development Assessment Tool (MDAT, 12 and 18 months) and the Color Object Association Test (18 months) were used for developmental assessments. RESULTS: Among 170 HEU infants, the prevalence of low-birth weight and failure to thrive was 7.6% and 37%, respectively. HEU infants had MDAT scores that were similar to the reference population. The mean (SD) score on the Color Object Association Test was 5.5 (3.1) compared with 6.9 (5.3) in developmentally normal children. Developmental ability at age 18 months showed strong cross-sectional correlation with weight-for-age (ρ = 0.36, P < 0.0001), length/height-for-age (ρ = 0.41, P < 0.0001), head circumference-for-age (ρ = 0.26, P = 0.0011), and mid-upper arm circumference-for-age (ρ = 0.34, P = 0.0014). There was a statistically significant correlation between birth weight and MDAT z-score at 18 months (ρ = 0.20, P = 0.010). Failure to thrive was associated with lower MDAT z-score [median -0.13 (IQR -0.75 to +0.14) versus +0.14 (IQR -0.44 to +0.63), P = 0.042]. CONCLUSION: Growth faltering in HEU infants was associated with lower attainment of developmental milestones at age 18 months. Our findings point to a simple screening method for identifying HEU infants at risk for developmental intervention.Item "I Bring Her up with Love': Perspectives of Caregivers of Children with Neurodevelopmental Delays in Western Kenya(2023-01) Heng, Yi Yan; Nafiseh, Amira; Oyungu, Eren; Ombitsa, Ananda Roselyne; Cherop, Carolyn; McHenry, Megan S.Objective: This study aims to understand the challenges and perspectives of caregivers with neurodevelopmental delays (NDD) in rural Kenya. Methods: Semi-structured interviews and the Affiliate Stigma Scale were administered to the primary caregivers of children with NDDs recruited from the communities near Eldoret, Kenya. Constant comparison and triangulation methods were used to inductively develop relevant themes and concepts. Results: Sixteen caregivers participated. Challenges, which included hardships related to safety and supervision, challenging emotions and financial difficulties, were compounded by a lack of social support and community stigma towards these children. However, caregivers still felt deep love for their children, desired acceptance from the community and found sources of strength from faith and religious institutions. Conclusion: The study uncovered crucial insights into the perspectives of caregivers within this population and revealed a paucity of disability awareness and understanding within the community, possibly informing future programmes and intervention policies.Item Safety Outcomes and Near-Adult Height Gain of Growth Hormone-Treated Children with SHOX Deficiency: Data from an Observational Study and a Clinical Trial(S. Karger AG, 2017) Benabbad, Imane; Rosilio, Myriam; Child, Christopher J.; Carel, Jean-Claude; Ross, Judith L.; Deal, Cheri L.; Drop, Stenvert L. S.; Zimmermann, Alan G.; Jia, Nan; Quigley, Charmian A.; Blum, Werner F.; Pediatrics, School of MedicineBACKGROUND/AIMS: To assess auxological and safety data for growth hormone (GH)-treated children with SHOX deficiency. METHODS: Data were examined for GH-treated SHOX-deficient children (n = 521) from the observational Genetics and Neuroendocrinology of Short Stature International Study (GeNeSIS). For patients with near-adult height information, GeNeSIS results (n = 90) were compared with a clinical trial (n = 28) of SHOX-deficient patients. Near-adult height was expressed as standard deviation score (SDS) for chronological age, potentially increasing the observed effect of treatment. RESULTS: Most SHOX-deficient patients in GeNeSIS had diagnoses of Leri-Weill syndrome (n = 292) or non-syndromic short stature (n = 228). For GeNeSIS patients with near-adult height data, mean age at GH treatment start was 11.0 years, treatment duration 4.4 years, and height SDS gain 0.83 (95% confidence interval 0.49-1.17). Respective ages, GH treatment durations and height SDS gains for GeNeSIS patients prepubertal at baseline (n = 42) were 9.2 years, 6.0 years and 1.19 (0.76-1.62), and for the clinical trial cohort they were 9.2 years, 6.0 years and 1.25 (0.92-1.58). No new GH-related safety concerns were identified. CONCLUSION: Patients with SHOX deficiency who had started GH treatment before puberty in routine clinical practice had a similar height gain to that of patients in the clinical trial on which approval for the indication was based, with no new safety concerns.Item The Slow Work of Democracy: Resisting Reductionist Views of Women and Children(Lewis & Clark, 2017) Serriere, Stephanie C.In her research article "State your defense!": Children negotiate analytic frames in the context of deliberative dialogue," Hauver offers important contributions to the field of elementary civic education that illuminate how young people apply various analytical frames to make collective decisions. First, I highlight significant contributions of her work, namely children's capabilities to build perspective-taking through dialogue, which I suggest can be more solidly grounded in a sociocultural framework, not a developmental one. Second, I offer suggestions toward such a theoretical framework that loosens determinism for children's development and offers a less deterministic framework for women. My review seeks to amplify Hauver's important findings by suggesting more theoretical cohesion as well as more contemporary and critical frameworks. [For "'State Your Defense!' Children Negotiate Analytic Frames in the Context of Deliberative Dialogue," see EJ1162608.]