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Browsing by Subject "Australia"
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Item Country Report 2018: Australia(2018) McGregor-Lowndes, MylesThe federal, state, and territory laws of Australian jurisdictions permit individuals to act together through unregistered associations and organizations for lawful purposes. Each jurisdiction offers one or more forms of incorporation for nonprofit associations with reasonable administrative requirements, although for those associations operating in multiple jurisdictions there are moderately costly reporting burdens.Item Data for a civil society: how we can harmonise privacy and use population data for public good(2007-06-15) Stanley, Fiona1. Modernity’s paradox - an uncivil society 2. Population data and record linkage 3. Understanding bias 4. Harmonising individual privacy and public goodItem Effect of short-term exposure to air pollution on daily cardio- and cerebrovascular hospitalisations in areas with a low level of air pollution(Springer, 2023) Hasnain, Md Golam; Garcia‑Esperon, Carlos; Tomari, Yumi Kashida; Walker, Rhonda; Saluja, Tarunpreet; Rahman, Md Mijanur; Boyle, Andrew; Levi, Christopher R.; Naidu, Ravi; Filippelli, Gabriel; Spratt, Neil J.; Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of ScienceExposure to air pollution is associated with increased cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases. However, the evidence regarding the short-term effect of air pollution on cardio- and cerebrovascular hospitalisations in areas with relatively low air pollution levels is limited. This study aims to examine the effect of short-term exposure to different air pollutants on hospital admissions due to cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases in rural and regional Australia with low air pollution. The study was conducted in five local Government areas of Hunter New England Local Health District (HNE-LHD). Hospitalisation data from January 2018 to February 2020 (820 days) were accessed from the HNE-LHD admitted patients' dataset. Poisson regression model was used to examine the association between the exposure (air pollutants) and outcome variables (hospitalisation due to cardio- and cerebrovascular disease). The concentrations of gaseous air pollutants, Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Ozone (O3), Carbon Monoxide (CO), and Ammonia (NH3) were below national benchmark concentrations for every day of the study period. In single pollutant models, SO2 and NO2 significantly increased the daily number of cardio- and cerebrovascular hospitalisations. The highest cumulative effect for SO2 was observed across lag 0-3 days (Incidence Rate Ratio, IRR: 1.77; 95% Confidence Interval, CI: 1.18-2.65; p-value: 0.01), and for NO2, it was across lag 0-2 days (IRR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.02-1.25; p-value: 0.02). In contrast, higher O3 was associated with decreased cardio- and cerebrovascular hospitalisations, with the largest effect observed at lag 0 (IRR: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.89-0.98; p-value: 0.02). In the multi-pollutant model, the effect of NO2 remained significant at lag 0 and corresponded to a 21% increase in cardio- and cerebrovascular hospitalisation (95% CI: 1-44%; p-value = 0.04). Thus, the study revealed that gaseous air pollutants, specifically NO2, were positively related to increased cardio- and cerebrovascular hospitalisations, even at concentrations below the national standards.Item Population data, ethics and paediatric care: how we can use population data to guide ethical decision making(2007-06-13) Stanley, Fiona1. Population data and record linkage in WA A) Development/ methods/ advantages B) Examples for child health services 2. The special case of pharmacovigilance 3. Ethical issues 4. Modernity’s paradox and the imperative for good dataItem Reflections on Ethics and Advocacy in Child Health (REACH): Creating a Forum for Ethical Dialogue(Elsevier, 2021) Friedman Ross, Lainie; Ott, Mary A.; Pediatrics, School of Medicine