Browsing by Subject "Altruism"
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Item A Participant-Centered Approach to Understanding Risks and Benefits of Participation in Research Informed by the Kidney Precision Medicine Project(Elsevier, 2022) Butler, Catherine R.; Appelbaum, Paul S.; Ascani, Heather; Aulisio, Mark; Campbell, Catherine E.; de Boer, Ian H.; Dighe, Ashveena L.; Hall, Daniel E.; Himmelfarb, Jonathan; Knight, Richard; Mehl, Karla; Murugan, Raghavan; Rosas, Sylvia E.; Sedor, John R.; O'Toole, John F.; Tuttle, Katherine R.; Waikar, Sushrut S.; Freeman, Michael; Kidney Precision Medicine Project; Medicine, School of MedicineAn understanding of the ethical underpinnings of human subjects research that involves some risk to participants without anticipated direct clinical benefit-such as the kidney biopsy procedure as part of the Kidney Precision Medicine Project (KPMP)-requires a critical examination of the risks as well as the diverse set of countervailing potential benefits to participants. This kind of deliberation has been foundational to the development and conduct of the KPMP. Herein, we use illustrative features of this research paradigm to develop a more comprehensive conceptualization of the types of benefits that may be important to research participants, including respecting pluralistic values, supporting the opportunity to act altruistically, and enhancing benefits to a participant's community. This approach may serve as a model to help researchers, ethicists, and regulators to identify opportunities to better respect and support participants in future research that entails some risk to these participants as well as to improve the quality of research for people with kidney disease.Item Compassion Fatigue in Student Affairs Practitioners Working with Undocumented College Students(Southern Association for College Student Affairs, 2020) Martinez Hoy, Zelideh R.; Nguyen, David Hoa Khoa; School of EducationGiven the nature of student affairs work, practitioners may be exposed to work-related stress that impacts their professional and personal well-being. In this phenomenological study, we examined the lived experiences of 9 professionals who worked with undocumented students and how they experienced and managed their compassion fatigue. Findings indicate that the predisposition to advocate and support along with expectations were prevalent triggers to compassion stress. Implications for professionals, their supervisors and institutions are discussed.Item Durkheim’s Impact on Social Theory: Context, Cooperation, Collectives(Sage, 2023) Herzog, Patricia SnellThis chapter provides a brief background on Émile Durkheim, who he was as a person and as a social theorist. Durkheim’s contributions to theories are grouped within their understanding for social contexts. The next section summarizes his contributions to theories regarding cooperation in society, and subsequently social collective. The chapter concludes by covering the lasting impacts of Durkheim’s social theories in contemporary studies.Item The effects of giving on givers(2013) Konrath, Sara H.; Brown, StephanieItem The Efficacy of a Brief, Altruism-Eliciting Video Intervention in Enhancing COVID-19 Vaccination Intentions Among a Population-Based Sample of Younger Adults: Randomized Controlled Trial(JMIR, 2022-05-30) Zhu, Patricia; Tatar, Ovidiu; Griffin-Mathieu, Gabrielle; Perez, Samara; Haward, Ben; Zimet, Gregory; Tunis, Matthew; Dubé, Ève; Rosberger, Zeev; Pediatrics, School of MedicineBackground: High COVID-19 vaccine uptake is crucial to containing the pandemic and reducing hospitalizations and deaths. Younger adults (aged 20-39 years) have demonstrated lower levels of vaccine uptake compared to older adults, while being more likely to transmit the virus due to a higher number of social contacts. Consequently, this age group has been identified by public health authorities as a key target for vaccine uptake. Previous research has demonstrated that altruistic messaging and motivation is associated with vaccine acceptance. Objective: This study had 2 objectives: (1) to evaluate the within-group efficacy of an altruism-eliciting short, animated video intervention in increasing COVID-19 vaccination intentions amongst unvaccinated Canadian younger adults and (2) to examine the video's efficacy compared to a text-based intervention focused exclusively on non-vaccine-related COVID-19 preventive health measures. Methods: Using a web-based survey in a pre-post randomized control trial (RCT) design, we recruited Canadians aged 20-39 years who were not yet vaccinated against COVID-19 and randomized them in a 1:1 ratio to receive either the video intervention or an active text control. The video intervention was developed by our team in collaboration with a digital media company. The measurement of COVID-19 vaccination intentions before and after completing their assigned intervention was informed by the multistage Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM). The McNemar chi-square test was performed to evaluate within-group changes of vaccine intentions. Exact tests of symmetry using pairwise McNemar tests were applied to evaluate changes in multistaged intentions. Between-group vaccine intentions were assessed using the Pearson chi-square test postintervention. Results: Analyses were performed on 1373 participants (n=686, 50%, in the video arm, n=687, 50%, in the text arm). Within-group results for the video intervention arm showed that there was a significant change in the intention to receive the vaccine (χ21=20.55, P<.001). The between-group difference in postintervention intentions (χ23=1.70, P=.64) was not significant. When administered the video intervention, we found that participants who had not thought about or were undecided about receiving a COVID-19 vaccine were more amenable to change than participants who had already decided not to vaccinate. Conclusions: Although the video intervention was limited in its effect on those who had firmly decided not to vaccinate, our study demonstrates that prosocial and altruistic messages could increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake, especially when targeted to younger adults who are undecided or unengaged regarding vaccination. This might indicate that altruistic messaging provides a "push" for those who are tentative toward, or removed from, the decision to receive the vaccine. The results of our study could also be applied to more current COVID-19 vaccination recommendations (eg, booster shots) and for other vaccine-preventable diseases.Item Examining an Altruism-Eliciting Video Intervention to Increase COVID-19 Vaccine Intentions in Younger Adults: A Qualitative Assessment Using the Realistic Evaluation Framework(MDPI, 2023-03-11) Zhu, Patricia; Tatar, Ovidiu; Haward, Ben; Steck, Veronica; Griffin-Mathieu, Gabrielle; Perez, Samara; Dubé, Ève; Zimet, Gregory; Rosberger, Zeev; Pediatrics, School of MedicineCOVID-19 vaccine-induced immunity wanes over time, and with the emergence of new variants, additional "booster" doses have been recommended in Canada. However, booster vaccination uptake has remained low, particularly amongst younger adults aged 18-39. A previous study by our research team found that an altruism-eliciting video increased COVID-19 vaccination intentions. Using qualitative methods, the present study aims to: (1) identify the factors that influence vaccine decision-making in Canadian younger adults; (2) understand younger adults' perceptions of an altruism-eliciting video designed to increase COVID-19 vaccine intentions; and (3) explore how the video can be improved and adapted to the current pandemic context. We conducted three focus groups online with participants who: (1) received at least one booster vaccine, (2) received the primary series without any boosters, or (3) were unvaccinated. We used deductive and inductive approaches to analyze data. Deductively, informed by the realist evaluation framework, we synthesized data around three main themes: context, mechanism, and intervention-specific suggestions. Within each main theme, we deductively created subthemes based on the health belief model (HBM). For quotes that could not be captured by these subthemes, additional themes were created inductively. We found multiple factors that could be important considerations in future messaging to increase vaccine acceptance, such as feeling empowered, fostering confidence in government and institutions, providing diverse (such as both altruism and individualism) messaging, and including concrete data (such as the prevalence of vulnerable individuals). These findings suggest targeted messaging tailored to these themes would be helpful to increase COVID-19 booster vaccination amongst younger adults.Item Lift and Shift: The Effect of Fundraising Interventions in Charity Space and Time(American Economic Association, 2022) Scharf, Kimberley; Smith, Sarah; Ottoni-Wilhelm, Mark; Economics, School of Liberal ArtsFundraising interventions may lift donations and/or shift their composition and timing. Using data rich in both the charity space and time dimensions, we find that major fundraising appeals lift donations to the appeal charity and that this increase is not offset by lower donations later in time. Strikingly, major appeals also forward-shift donations to other (nonappeal) charities that are offset by lower donations later. To understand these response patterns, we introduce a two-period, two-charity "lift-shift" model. The model indicates that the observed response patterns are possible only if warm glow is substitutable, both intertemporally and between charities.Item Patients’ Willingness to Share Limited Endoscopic Resources: A Brief Report on the Results of a Large Regional Survey(Sage, 2021-09-28) Piper, Marc S.; Zikmund-Fisher, Brian J.; Maratt, Jennifer K.; Kurlander, Jacob; Metko, Valbona; Waljee, Akbar K.; Saini, Sameer D.; Medicine, School of MedicineBackground: In some health care systems, patients face long wait times for screening colonoscopy. We sought to assess whether patients at low risk for colorectal cancer (CRC) would be willing to delay their own colonoscopy so higher-risk peers could undergo colonoscopy sooner. Methods: We surveyed 1054 Veterans regarding their attitudes toward repeat colonoscopy and risk-based prioritization. We used multivariable regression to identify patient factors associated with willingness to delay screening for a higher-risk peer. Results: Despite a physician recommendation to stop screening, 29% of respondents reported being "not at all likely" to stop. However, 94% reported that they would be willing to delay their own colonoscopy for a higher-risk peer. Greater trust in physician and greater health literacy were positively associated with willingness to wait, while greater perceived threat of CRC and Black or Latino race/ethnicity were negatively associated with willingness to wait. Conclusion: Despite high enthusiasm for repeat screening, patients were willing to delay their own colonoscopy for higher-risk peers. Appealing to altruism could be effective when utilizing scarce resources.Item Physiological Correlates of Volunteering(2016) Bekkers, René; Konrath, Sara H.; Smith, David H.We review research on physiological correlates of volunteering, a neglected but promising research field. Some of these correlates seem to be causal factors influencing volunteering. Volunteers tend to have better physical health, both self-reported and expert-assessed, better mental health, and perform better on cognitive tasks. Research thus far has rarely examined neurological, neurochemical, hormonal, and genetic correlates of volunteering to any significant extent, especially controlling for other factors as potential confounds. Evolutionary theory and behavioral genetic research suggest the importance of such physiological factors in humans. Basically, many aspects of social relationships and social activities have effects on health (e.g., Newman and Roberts 2013; Uchino 2004), as the widely used biopsychosocial (BPS) model suggests (Institute of Medicine 2001). Studies of formal volunteering (FV), charitable giving, and altruistic behavior suggest that physiological characteristics are related to volunteering, including specific genes (such as oxytocin receptor [OXTR] genes, Arginine vasopressin receptor [AVPR] genes, dopamine D4 receptor [DRD4] genes, and 5-HTTLPR). We recommend that future research on physiological factors be extended to non-Western populations, focusing specifically on volunteering, and differentiating between different forms and types of volunteering and civic participation.Item Social Networks and Charitable Giving: Trusting, Doing, Asking, and Alter Primacy(SAGE, 2018-04-01) Herzog, Patricia Snell; Yang, Song; Lilly Family School of PhilanthropyThis study examines social networks and financial giving to charitable or religious causes. Conventional social capital measures of general social trust and size of social network are studied as predictors of charitable giving. To these traditional measures, we add an examination of particular network aspects of giving: ego giving in relation to network alters who give, solicitations to give by network ties, and ego soliciting alters to give. In addition, the study disaggregates alter effects by alter position. Findings indicate that, net of social trust, social network factors significantly predict likelihood of being a giver. In particular, findings are that egos are especially likely to be donors when their primary alter donates. Three configurations of ego–alter giving and solicitations are significant predictors of ego giving, indicating that ego–alter doing matters more than asking. Theoretical contributions for relational and prosocial studies are discussed, as are practical implications for fundraising professionals.