Browsing by Subject "Age Factors"
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Item A Study of the Correlation of Incisive Biting Forces with Age, Sex and Anterior Occlusion(1971) Kotwal, Navroze Shavak; Standish, S. Miles; Chalian, Varoujan A.; Shanks, James C.This study was designed to prove or disprove the fact that incisive biting force can be correlated with the variables chosen which were age, sex and anterior occlusion (overjet, overbite and cuspid relation). The amount of linear contact made by the incisal edges of the upper and lower incisors was also included as one of the variables. One hundred and fifty individuals, 80 males and 70 females, between the ages of 10 and 25 were selected for this study. This was a cross sectional study in which four readings of the maximum biting ability were recorded for every individual just once during the study and an average of the four recordings was taken. An intra-oral force transducer using strain gages was employed to record incisive biting forces. The results indicated that age, sex and amount of linear contact were correlated with biting force when considered singly. When the variables were considered jointly through a stepwise regression analysis overbite also entered as a significant predictor of biting force in addition to the three mentioned variables. Multiple correlation coefficient R was 0.54 for the four entered variables (age squared, sex, overbite and linear contact squared) with biting force. The R squared value was 0.29 so that 29 percent of the variation in incisive biting force of this sample was due to these four variables. The correlated R-squared value indicates a large error of prediction and a low degree of precision in estimating biting force from these four variables. Therefore, a regression equation is not demonstrated.Item Access to Emergency Contraception After Removal of Age Restrictions(American Academy of Pediatrics, 2017-07) Wilkinson, Tracey A.; Clark, Porsche; Rafie, Sally; Carroll, Aaron E.; Miller, Elizabeth; Pediatrics, School of MedicineBACKGROUND: Levonorgestrel emergency contraception (EC) is safe and effective for postcoital pregnancy prevention. Starting in 2013, the US Food and Drug Administration removed age restrictions, enabling EC to be sold over the counter to all consumers. We sought to compare the availability and access for female adolescents with the 2012 study, using the same study design. METHODS: Female mystery callers posing as 17-year-old adolescents in need of EC used standardized scripts to telephone 979 pharmacies in 5 US cities. Using 2015 estimated census data and the federal poverty level, we characterized income levels of pharmacy neighborhoods. RESULTS: Of 979 pharmacies, 827 (83%) indicated that EC was available. This proportion did not vary by pharmacy neighborhood income level, nor was significantly different from the 2012 study (P = .78). When examining access, 8.3% of the pharmacies reported it was impossible to obtain EC under any circumstances, which occurred more often in low-income neighborhoods (10.3% vs 6.3%, adjusted odds ratio 1.5; 95% confidence interval 1.20-1.94). This was not significantly different from 2012 (P = .66). Correct information regarding over-the-counter access was conveyed only 51.6% of the time; accuracy did not differ by pharmacy's neighborhood income (47.9% vs 55.3%, adjusted odds ratio 0.89; 95% confidence interval 0.71-1.11) and was not significantly different from 2012 (P = .37). CONCLUSIONS: A majority of pharmacies have EC available; however, barriers to and disparities in access for adolescents persist and have not changed since the previous study despite regulatory changes that were designed to improve access to EC.Item Item Collection of human genomic DNA from neonates: a comparison between umbilical cord blood and buccal swabs(Elsevier, 2011-04) Lehmann, Amalia S.; Haas, David M.; McCormick, Catherine L.; Skaar, Todd C.; Renbarger, Jamie L.OBJECTIVE: To compare DNA yield from neonatal umbilical cord blood and buccal swab specimens. STUDY DESIGN: Umbilical cord blood was obtained at birth in a cohort of women enrolled in a preterm labor study. If cord blood was not obtained, neonatal buccal samples were obtained using the Oragene saliva kits. DNA was extracted from all samples using the QIAamp extraction kits. DNA concentration and yield were compared between umbilical cord blood and buccal swabs. RESULTS: DNA concentrations from umbilical cord blood (n = 35) was greater than that obtained from buccal swabs (n = 20) (total sample: 209.0 ± 110.7 ng/μL vs 6.9 ± 6.7 ng/μL respectively, P < .001; partial sample: n = 30 cord blood vs n = 11 buccal, 70.0 ± 51.4 ng/μL vs 11.3 ± 6.7 ng/μL, respectively, P < .001) and produced more total DNA (total sample: 116.5 ± 70.8 μg vs 4.2 ± 4.0 μg, P < .001; partial:14.0 ± 10.3 μg vs 1.1 ± 0.7 μg, respectively, P < .001). CONCLUSION: Buccal swabs yield less neonatal DNA than umbilical cord blood specimens.Item Comparison of matrix frequency-doubling technology perimetry and standard automated perimetry in monitoring the development of visual field defects for glaucoma suspect eyes(PLOS, 2017-05-18) Hu, Rongrong; Wang, Chenkun; Racette, Lyne; Ophthalmology, School of MedicineBACKGROUND: Perimetry is indispensable for the clinical management of glaucoma suspects. Our goal is to compare the performance of standard automated perimetry (SAP) and Matrix frequency-doubling technology (FDT) perimetry in monitoring the development of visual field (VF) defects in glaucoma suspect eyes. METHODS: Longitudinal data of paired SAP and FDT from 221 eyes of 155 glaucoma suspects enrolled in the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study or the African Descent and Glaucoma Evaluation Study were included. All eyes had glaucomatous optic neuropathy or ocular hypertension, but normal SAP and FDT results at baseline. The development of glaucomatous VF defects was defined as the presence of a cluster of ≥ 3 (less conservative) or ≥ 4 (more conservative) locations confirmed on ≥ 2 additional consecutive tests. Risk factors for the development of VF defects were analyzed by COX proportional hazard models. After conversion into common logarithmic units, the rates of change of global VF indices were fitted with linear mixed models. RESULTS: FDT detected more eyes that developed VF defects than SAP using the less conservative criterion, and no significant difference was observed using the more conservative criterion. For those eyes detected by both SAP and FDT, FDT detected the development of VF defects either earlier than SAP or simultaneously in most cases. Baseline structural measurements were not significantly associated with an increased risk for the development of glaucomatous VF defects on either SAP or FDT. Older age was significantly associated with the development of VF defects on FDT but not on SAP. Both SAP and FDT detected a progressing worsening trend of pattern standard deviation over time with a similar rate of change between these test types. CONCLUSIONS: Matrix FDT would be useful to monitor the onset of VF defects in glaucoma suspects and may outperform SAP in the early stage of glaucomatous VF damage.Item The Difference Between Living and Dying: Victim Characteristics and Motive Among Nonfatal Shootings and Gun Homicides(Springer, 2017-12-01) Hipple, Natalie Kroovand; Magee, Lauren A.; School of Public and Environmental AffairsUsing both official and unofficial data sources, researchers examined nonfatal (n = 617) and fatal shooting (n = 159) victim characteristics over an 18-month period in Indianapolis. This research revealed that the typical shooting victim was male, non-White, almost 29 years old, had been arrested prior to inclusion in this study, and had been shot more than once. Interestingly, this research supports the notion that nonfatal shooting and homicide victims are different, especially as they relate to victim age, gunshot wound severity, and shooting motive. It highlights the need for better gun violence data collection beyond what currently exists. Striving for improved, more comprehensive cross-sector data collection has implications beyond just police policy and practice to include public health and prevention efforts.Item Immune reconstitution in ART treated, but not untreated HIV infection, is associated with abnormal beta cell function(Public Library of Science, 2018-05-24) Sims, Emily K.; Park, Grace; Mather, Kieren J.; Raghavendra, G. Mirmira; Liu, Ziyue; Gupta, Samir K.; Pediatrics, School of MedicineHIV infection has been associated with increased diabetes risk, but prior work has mostly focused on insulin resistance, as opposed to beta cell effects, or included patients on antiretroviral therapies (ART) directly linked to metabolic toxicity. In this analysis, we measured markers of glucose homeostasis and beta cell function, stress, and death in fasting sera from a cross section of HIV+ individuals off ART (n = 43), HIV+ individuals on ART (n = 23), and HIV- controls (n = 39). Markers included glucose, HOMA%S, HOMA%B, proinsulin:C-peptide ratio (PI:C ratio), and circulating preproinsulin (INS) DNA. We performed multiple linear regressions with adjustments for age, sex, race, BMI, and smoking status. Compared to HIV- controls, HIV+ participants off ART exhibited similar beta cell function and insulin sensitivity, without increases in markers of beta cell stress or death. Specifically, in HIV+ participants with CD4 counts <350 cells/μL, PI:C ratios were lower than in HIV- controls (p<0.01), suggesting a reduction in intrinsic beta cell stress among this group. By contrast, HIV+ participants on ART had higher fasting glucose (p<0.0001) and lower HOMA%B (p<0.001) compared to HIV- controls. Among the entire HIV+ population, higher HIV RNA correlated with lower fasting glucose (r = -0.57, p<0.001), higher HOMA%B (r = 0.40, p = 0.001), and lower PI:C ratios (r = -0.42, p<0.001), whereas higher CD4 counts correlated with higher PI:C ratios (r = 0.2, p = 0.00499). Our results suggest that HIV seropositivity in the absence of ART does not worsen beta cell function or glucose homeostasis, but immune reconstitution with ART may be associated with worsened beta cell function.Item Nicotine effects in adolescence and adulthood on cognition and α₄β₂-nicotinic receptors in the neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion rat model of schizophrenia(Springer, 2015-05) Berg, Sarah A.; Sentir, Alena M.; Bell, Richard L.; Engleman, Eric A.; Chambers, R. Andrew; Department of Psychiatry, IU School of MedicineRational Nicotine use in schizophrenia has traditionally been explained as ‘self-medication’ of cognitive and/or nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptor (nAChR) abnormalities. Objectives We test this hypothesis in a neurodevelopmental rat model of schizophrenia that shows increased addiction behaviors including enhanced nicotine reinforcement and drug-seeking. Methods Nicotine transdermal patch (5 mg/kg/day vs. placebo × 10 days in adolescence or adulthood) effects on subsequent radial-arm maze learning (15 sessions) and frontal-cortical-striatal nAChR densities (α4β2; [3H]-epibatidine binding) were examined in neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion (NVHL) and SHAM-operated rats. Results NVHL cognitive deficits were not differentially affected by nicotine history compared to SHAMs. Nicotine history produced minimal cognitive effects while increasing food–reward consumption on the maze, compounding with NVHL-induced overconsumption. Acute nicotine (0.5 mg/kg) delivered before the final maze sessions produced modest improvements in maze performance in rats with nicotine patch histories only, but not differentially so in NVHLs. Consistent with in vivo neuroimaging of β2 nAChR binding in schizophrenia smokers vs. non-smokers and healthy controls, adult NVHLs showed 12% reductions in nAChR binding in MPFC (p<0.05) but not ventral striatum (<5% changes, p>.40), whereas nicotine history elevated nAChRs across both regions (>30%, p<0.001) without interacting with NVHLs. Adolescent vs. adult nicotine exposure did not alter nAChRs differentially. Conclusions Although replicating nicotine-induced up-regulation of nAChRs in human smokers and demonstrating NVHL validity in terms of schizophrenia-associated nAChR density patterns, these findings do not support hypotheses explaining increased nicotine use in schizophrenia as reflecting illness-specific effects of nicotine to therapeutically alter cognition or nAChR densities.Item Translation of Premolars in the Dog by Controlling the Moment to Force Ration on the Crown(1968) Fortin, Jean Marc; Norman, R.; Cunningham, D.; Shafer, W.The main purpose of this investigation was to produce bodily tooth movement. A force system based on the moment to force ratio (m/p ratio) was developed and applied to the teeth by means of springs similar to those used in segmented arch technique. An histologic investigation followed the experimentation. The sample consisted of five adult dogs and a relatively young one, all males. On these dogs, light forces of 165 and 147 gms were used for a period of 17, 30 and 35 days. and heavy forces of 490, 450 and 455 gms were used for a period of 120, 107 and 106 days. An intraperitoneal injection of a vital dye, procion red H8BS, was made before placing the appliance in the mouth and used as a marker between old and new bone. Bodily tooth movement was assessed by measuring new bone apposition on the tension side. Most of the teeth did show pure bodily movement, however, slight tipping was noticed in some instances. Direct bone resorption was recorded in all the teeth moved with light and heavy forces with the exception of very few small areas of hyalinization. The only difference between light and heavy forces was in the severity of root resorption. It was found that the heavier the force, the greater was the anchorage loss. The rate of tooth movement was continuous but not constant.