Browsing by Subject "AIDS"

Now showing 1 - 10 of 31
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    Academic Model for Prevention and Treatment of HIV/AIDS (AMPATH)
    (Association of Kenya Physicians, 2007) Kimaiyo, S. N.; Association of Kenya Physicians Scientific Conference (11th : Mar. 2007 : Eldoret, Kenya)
    AMPATH HIV Care: Now caring for over 48 004 active patients (40 500 Adults and 7,504children) as of 31stMay 2007 with 2,905 new patients in April. 21,397 patients are on ARVs and 583 on TpMTCT
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    Afraid of AIDS: AIDS Panic and Gay Discrimination through State of Indiana v. Herb Robbins
    (2024-09) Gackle, Dalton; Haberski, Raymond J.; Guiliano, Jennifer; Minor, Kyle
    In 1988 Herb J. Robbins, a 17-year-old male prostitute, murdered prominent Indianapolis attorney Donald L. Jackson. Robbins then used a “fear of AIDS” defense in court to escape murder charges. This defense highlighted the discrimination faced by gay men and the heightened fear of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) then a little-understood disease. This story fits into larger discussions about AIDS and our cultural and governmental response to it. For Indiana’s population in the 1980s, a fear of AIDS meant a fear of gay men, as gay men were the first people identified with AIDS – in 1981 and 1982 AIDS was known as GRID: gay-related immunodeficiency disease. This opened the door for discrimination in all facets of society – including in the courts – leading to the successful ‘fear of AIDS’ defense in 1988. That ingrained discrimination has had lasting effects on Indiana’s residents and especially on its gay communities including, but not limited to, the criminalization of persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In 1985, many states, including Indiana responded to HIV in the blood supply by closing blood banks and passing laws making it illegal for people with HIV/AIDS to donate. The Food and Drug Administration, as well, banned gay or bisexual men from donating blood for fear they might have HIV/AIDS. Indiana also passed a law requiring people with HIV to notify any potential sexual partner about their HIV positive status. The laws criminalizing people living with HIV were created in direct response to a fear of AIDS in the blood supply, which was only amplified by Ryan White’s infamous story. Connecting gay and bisexual men in Indiana’s HIV laws and the FDA’s policy on HIV/AIDS only further stigmatized gay men and people living with HIV by associating them with criminal activity, including the criminalization of Donald Jackson when Herb Robbins testified that he killed Jackson for fear he could have gotten AIDS from him. This paper seeks to understand 1) Why was Indianapolis a place where this “fear of AIDS” defense could succeed? and 2) How does this defense reflect broader discrimination and stigmatization directed toward the gay community?
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    At the Chariot House: a screenplay associated with Afraid of AIDS: AIDS Panic and Gay Discrimination through State of Indiana v. Herb Robbins
    (2024-07-31) Gackle, Dalton
    A screenplay centered around the State of Indiana v. Herb Robbins court case. The story includes representations of the murder of lawyer Donald Jackson by underaged sex worker Herb Robbins, the evidence collection by the police and journalists, and the trial.
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    Burkitt lymphoma presenting as multifocal doughnut-shaped masses in the stomach of a patient with AIDS
    (Thieme, 2014) Sey, Michael Sai Lai; Czader, Magdalena; DeWitt, John M.
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    Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2B6 and Efavirenz-Containing Antiretroviral Therapy
    (Wiley, 2019-04-21) Desta, Zeruesenay; Gammal, Roseann S.; Gong, Li; Whirl-Carrillo, Michelle; Gaur, Aditya H.; Sukasem, Chonlaphat; Hockings, Jennifer; Myers, Alan; Swart, Marelize; Tyndale, Rachel F.; Masimirembwa, Collen; Iwuchukwu, Otito F.; Chirwa, Sanika; Lennox, Jeffrey; Gaedigk, Andrea; Klein, Teri E.; Haas, David W.; Medicine, School of Medicine
    The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, efavirenz, is widely used to treat HIV-1 infection. Efavirenz is predominantly metabolized into inactive metabolites by CYP2B6, and patients with certain CYP2B6 genetic variants may be at increased risk for adverse effects, particularly central nervous system toxicity and treatment discontinuation. We summarize the evidence from the literature and provide therapeutic recommendations for efavirenz prescribing based on CYP2B6 genotypes.
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    Cognitive and Neuronal Link With Inflammation: A Longitudinal Study in People With and Without HIV Infection
    (Wolters Kluwer, 2020-12) Anderson, Albert M.; Jang, Jeong Hoon; Easley, Kirk A.; Fuchs, Dietmar; Gisslen, Magnus; Zetterberg, Henrik; Blennow, Kaj; Ellis, Ronald J.; Franklin, Donald; Heaton, Robert K.; Grant, Igor; Letendre, Scott L.; Biostatistics, School of Public Health
    Background: Across many settings, lack of virologic control remains common in people with HIV (PWH) because of late presentation and lack of retention in care. This contributes to neuronal damage and neurocognitive impairment, which remains prevalent. More evidence is needed to understand these outcomes in both PWH and people without HIV (PWOH). Methods: We recruited PWH initiating antiretroviral therapy and PWOH at 2 sites in the United States. One hundred eight adults were enrolled (56 PWOH and 52 PWH), most of whom had a second assessment at least 24 weeks later (193 total assessments). Tumor necrosis factor alpha, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), neopterin, soluble CD14, and neurofilament light chain protein (NFL) were measured in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Using multivariate models including Bayesian model averaging, we analyzed factors associated with global neuropsychological performance (NPT-9) and CSF NFL at baseline and over time. Results: At baseline, higher CSF MCP-1 and plasma sCD14 were associated with worse NPT-9 in PWH, while CSF HIV RNA decrease was the only marker associated with improved NPT-9 over time. Among PWH, higher CSF neopterin was most closely associated with higher NFL. Among PWOH, higher CSF MCP-1 was most closely associated with higher NFL. After antiretroviral therapy initiation, decrease in CSF MCP-1 was most closely associated with NFL decrease. Conclusion: Monocyte-associated CSF biomarkers are highly associated with neuronal damage in both PWH and PWOH. More research is needed to evaluate whether therapies targeting monocyte-associated inflammation may ameliorate HIV-associated neurobehavioral diseases.
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    Comparative effectiveness of dual-action versus single-action antidepressants for the treatment of depression in people living with HIV/AIDS
    (Elsevier, 2017-06) Mills, Jon C.; Harman, Jeffrey S.; Cook, Robert L.; Marlow, Nicole M.; Harle, Christopher A.; Duncan, R. Paul; Bengston, Angela M.; Pence, Brian W.; Department of Health Policy and Management, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health
    Background Depression is the most common psychiatric comorbidity among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Little is known about the comparative effectiveness between different types of antidepressants used to treat depression in this population. We compared the effectiveness of dual-action and single-action antidepressants in PLWHA for achieving remission from depression. Methods We used data from the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinic Systems to identify 1175 new user dual-action or single-action antidepressant treatment episodes occurring from 2005 to 2014 for PLWHA diagnosed with depression. The primary outcome was remission from depression defined as a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score <5. Mean difference in PHQ-9 depressive symptom severity was a secondary outcome. The main approach was an intent-to-treat (ITT) evaluation complemented with a per protocol (PP) sensitivity analysis. Generalized linear models were fitted to estimate treatment effects. Results In ITT analysis, 32% of the episodes ended in remission for both dual-action and single-action antidepressants. The odds ratio (OR) of remission was 1.02 (95%CI=0.63,1.67). In PP analysis, 40% of dual-action episodes ended in remission compared to 32% in single-action episodes. Dual-action episodes had 1.33 times the odds of remission (95%CI=0.55,3.21), however the result was not statistically significant. Non-significant differences were also observed for depressive symptom severity. Limitations Missing data was common but was addressed with inverse probability weights. Conclusions Results suggest that single-action and dual-action antidepressants are equally effective in PLWHA. Remission was uncommon highlighting the need to identify health service delivery strategies that aid HIV providers in achieving full remission of their patients’ depression.
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    Current HIV/AIDS end-of-life care in sub-Saharan Africa: a survey of models, services, challenges and priorities
    (2003-10-23) Harding, Richard
    Reports on the current methods and quality of care for terminal HIV/AIDS patients in Africa.
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    Daily Situational Brief, December 3, 2014
    (MESH Coalition, 12/03/14) MESH Coalition
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    Distinct Cell Survival and Metabolic Programming Determines Germinal Center Tfh Survival of HIV-1 Infection
    (2023-07) Syed, Fahim; Yu, Qigui; Dent, Alexander; Yang, Kai; Wan, Jun
    HIV-1 is the causative agent of AIDS in people living with HIV-1 (PLHIV). HIV-1 predominantly targets and kills immune cells that are needed for defense against infections and illnesses. Although therapy can control the spread of HIV-1 in PLHIV and decrease the amount of virus present in the body, some subsets of infected immune cells are able to survive HIV-1 and escape treatment. Any pause in therapy leads to a return to high levels of viral loads due to these surviving infected cells. These subsets of infected immune cells escaping treatment represent a major obstacle to the eradication of HIV-1. One such subset of immune cells, the Germinal Center T follicular helper (GC Tfh) cells, can both survive infection and expand in PLHIV. Using human tonsil tissues, the major site of GC Tfh cells, our lab was able to find two critical factors that influence the GC Tfh cells’ ability to survive and thrive while infected by HIV-1. First, we found that GC Tfh cells have a distinct metabolic profile compared to other types of CD4 T cells found in human tonsils. This was characterized by a preference towards non-glycolytic metabolism even when infected with HIV-1. We found that inhibiting non-glycolytic metabolism resulted in a significant decrease in HIV-1 infected GC Tfh cells. Second, we found that GC Tfh cells sharply upregulate proteins responsible for stopping controlled cell death. We found one of these proteins, BIRC5, was integral to GC Tfh survival of HIV-1 infection. Inhibition of BIRC5 led to overall decreases in surviving infected cells, as well as significant decreases in infected GC Tfh survival. In contrast, inhibition of BIRC5 had no effect on uninfected cells. Our results signify an important advancement in the study of HIV-1 reservoir and will help in developing novel therapeutics to eradicate rather than suppress HIV-1 in PLHIV.