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Browsing by Author "Tourism, Conventions, and Event Management, School of Health and Human Sciences"
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Item Analysis of sport sales courses in the sport management curriculum(Elsevier, 2019-06) Pierce, David; Tourism, Conventions, and Event Management, School of Health and Human SciencesThis paper examined the curriculum posted on program websites of sales education in undergraduate sport management programs in the United States. A sport sales course is offered by 22% of undergraduate sport management programs. Programs with Commission on Sport Management Accreditation (COSMA) accreditation, located in a city, housed in a sport management or leisure department, and programs with larger student enrollments were the most likely to offer a sport sales course. A survey was also utilized better understand of how sport sales courses are being taught and uncover the perceptions of programs not offering sales. The top reasons for adding the class were the demand from the industry for qualified salespeople and a positive employment outlook. Survey results revealed that all courses were taught in a face-to-face environment with an average class size of 27, predominantly taught by a full-time faculty member in sport management. Selling in the Sport Industry authored by Pierce et al. was the most commonly used textbook. Respondents from programs not offering the course nearly universally recognized the importance of students demonstrating competence in sales by the time they graduate, and 74% reported covering sales competencies elsewhere in curriculum. Slightly over one-fourth of the programs without a sales course indicated that addition of a required class is likely in the near future. The business school was a likely place to outsource the teaching of sales competencies, with 13% of schools without a sport sales class requiring a professional selling course offered in the business school and 18% offering access to an elective. The most significant obstacle impeding the adoption of sales was the constraint posed by credit hour limits for graduation.Item Applying Crowd Risk Mitigation Technologies in Urban Sport Events: A Case Analysis of the Collegiate Football Event in Indianapolis, IN(Events and Tourism Institute at IUPUI, 2021-12) Weaver, Kennedy; Liu-Lastres, Becky; Tourism, Conventions, and Event Management, School of Health and Human SciencesIn recent years, the need for advanced precautions for mitigating the risks imposed by events, which involve high volumes of people in shared spaces, has multiplied. The occurrence of COVID-19 pandemic has further altered event practices, spaces, and event attendees’ mindsets in large-scale events. Proper crowd management not only seeks to prevent acts of violence and injury, but in today’s event environments; efforts should be consciously applied to reduce the spread of respiratory infections such as COVID-19. As the events industry continues to evolve and face new limitations, ways in which event organizers respond must evolve as well. Smartphone technologies are opening new ways for event organizers to communicate with and monitor attendees. This case study explores current crowd management strategies, analyzes the gaps in widely used models, and finally proposes event management technologies trending in the field.Item Building A Resilient Event Industry: Lessons Learned during the COVID-19 Pandemic(TTRA, 2021-06) Liu-Lastres, Bingjie; Cahyanto, Ignatius; Tourism, Conventions, and Event Management, School of Health and Human SciencesGuided by the theoretical framework of organizational resilience, this study interviewed twenty-six event planners regarding their risk and crisis management related practices and their experiences with the COVID-19 global pandemic. This study conducted thematic analyses to analyze the data. The results showed that organizational resilience was approached through planned and adaptive resilience. Their crisis management practices are influenced by event planners’ personal knowledge, experiences, and expertise as well as their organization’s policy and leadership. When it comes to the case of COVID-19, the concept of organizational residence is mainly reflected through adaptive resilience. It also seems that most resilient organizations have been excellent in communicating and managing customer relationships and creating innovative strategies to generate revenue. Further theoretical and practical implications were provided based on the findings.Item Can post-disaster tourism development improve destination livelihoods? A case study of Aceh, Indonesia(Elsevier, 2020-10-21) Liu-Lastres, Bingjie; Mariska, Dini; Tan, Xiaoyuan; Ying, Tianyu; Tourism, Conventions, and Event Management, School of Health and Human SciencesDestinations are vulnerable to natural disasters, which can result in damage to infrastructure and built facilities, negative destination images, and a difficult time of recovery. Recently, a growing number of destinations have incorporated tourism development in their disaster relief efforts and used post-disaster tourism as a strategy to enhance local livelihoods and build community resilience. Guided by the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework for Tourism (SLFT), this study analyzed the case of Aceh, Indonesia, a destination that had been struck by a severe natural disaster and developed tsunami tourism as a strategy to recover. The data were collected through focus group interviews among local stakeholders. Based on the SLFT, this study employed a deductive approach to analyze the data and identified six themes. The findings not only validated the applicability of the SLFT to a post-disaster tourism development context, but also revealed how tourism could contribute to various community assets and a resilient destination in the aftermath of a crisis. The study also underscored the importance of local culture and religion during the recovery process. Based on the findings, further discussions are provided regarding the dynamics involving sustainable development, post-disaster tourism, and resilient destinations.Item Consumers' dining behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic: An Application of the Protection Motivation Theory and the Safety Signal Framework(Elsevier, 2022) Wen, Han; Liu-Lastres, Bingjie; Tourism, Conventions, and Event Management, School of Health and Human SciencesWith the long-lasting impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is critically important that restaurateurs understand predictors of consumers' dining behaviors to better foster strategies to recover their revenue during the re-opening stage. Based on the Safety Signal Framework and the Protection Motivation Theory, this study developed and tested a model investigating the combined effects of restaurateurs' measures and consumers' protective motivations on their dine-out frequencies and dine-in likelihoods. Consistent with propositions of the Protection Motivation Theory, the results confirmed that both the threat and coping appraisals influenced consumers’ dining behaviors. The coping appraisal process is affected by “access to servicescape,” “servicescape,” and “communication.” Additionally, the results of the gap analysis revealed four safety signaling strategies perceived as effective by consumers but with a low implementation rate in the restaurant industry. Theoretical and practical implications were provided to restaurateurs.Item COVID-19: Return to Youth Sports: Preparing Sports Venues and Events for the Return of Youth Sports(2020-06-02) Pierce, David; Stas, Jessi; Feller, Kevin; Knox, William; Tourism, Conventions, and Event Management, School of Health and Human SciencesCOVID-19 has impacted all areas of life, and youth sports is no exception. States and counties are publishing their own unique guidelines for permitting youth sports to return over designated phases, creating a patchwork of guidelines and dates for returning to practice and games. Governing bodies, sports facilities, and event operators are creating modifications and adaptations for participants and spectators to ensure a safe environment. The Sports Innovation Institute at IUPUI, a partnership between Indiana and Purdue universities in Indianapolis, and Grand Park Sports Campus (Westfield, Ind.) collaborated to better understand how COVID-related adaptations are perceived by parents, athletes, coaches, officials, and administrators. The results provide youth sports facilities and event operators with data on how specific adaptions are received by these stakeholders who are looking to return to youth sports in a timely, but safe manner. Twelve adaptations were identified from a review of documents prepared by states, governing bodies, trade associations, media reports, and feedback from industry and academic experts. The survey questions were designed using the Kano Model (pronounced “kah-no”), which was selected due to its ability to determine how people feel about proposed adaptions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Each adaption comprised three questions that assessed the respondents’ feelings toward the adaptation (functional question), their feelings if the adaptation did not exist (dysfunctional), and their assessment of how important it is for the adaptation to occur (importance). The Kano Model is interpreted based upon these three scores, and each adaptation can be placed into one of five categories on a scatterplot. The survey was distributed to 40 organizations that circulated the survey to their members. The survey reached a national audience that represents the landscape of youth sports. A total of 10,359 people from 45 states completed the entire survey, representing at least 13 different sports. Nearly 92% of respondents were parents, but with the option to select multiple roles, coaches (25%), administrators (10%), athletes (9%), and officials (3%) were also represented. Results indicated that venues and events should invest heavily and visibly in sanitization of the facility, playing areas, and equipment before, during, and after events. Venue operators and event managers can feel confident the recommendations provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS) to sanitize playing areas and equipment after each use will be well-received and welcomed by users. Promotion and monitoring of social-distancing guidelines, limiting personal contact between players, limiting admission to those under age 65 with no CDC-indicated pre-existing conditions, and completing a health and contact-information questionnaire prior to entering are seen by users as must-be adaptations in order for players and spectators to feel comfortable returning to youth sports during the COVID-19 pandemic. This means their presence does not bring satisfaction, but their lack of presence brings significant dissatisfaction. Respondents felt indifferent toward changing arrival and departure routines, closing amenities, and minimizing the capacity and rearranging bench areas for athletes. The presence or absence of these adaptations do not make a real difference in users’ experiences. User sentiment regarding facemasks was mixed, with strong feelings about the use and non-use of facemasks. Finally, limiting entry to athletes and game personnel but excluding spectators was not well-received by survey respondents, especially parents. Youth sports venues and events should tread lightly when considering not allowing spectators into venues, and expect negative backlash from parents should such policies be adopted. Parents of recreational athletes viewed the adaptations in a more positive light and as a more necessary part of the youth sports experience than parents of travel athletes. A similar trend was found when comparing parents who are less willing to travel during the pandemic than those who do not expect their travel to be impacted. Travel sports parents demonstrated an increasing comfort level in traveling for competitions over the summer months, from 42% in May to 76% in August. The economic turmoil wrought by COVID-19 has touched nearly every component of American life. However, 59% of travel sports parents reported that the pandemic will not negatively impact their sports travel budget. Only 23% will experience a budget decrease greater than 25% related to youth sports travel.Item Cruise Line Customers’ Responses to Risk and Crisis Communication Messages: An Application of the Risk Perception Attitude Framework(Sage, 2018) Liu-Lastres, Bingjie; Schroeder, Ashley; Pennington-Gray, Lori; Tourism, Conventions, and Event Management, School of Health and Human SciencesThe main purpose of this study was to test cruise line customers’ responses to risk and crisis communication messages addressing health-related incidents on cruise ships. This study used norovirus infections as the context and the Risk Perception Attitude framework as the conceptual foundation. An experiment was conducted to test how communication messages affected cruise line customers’ information search behavior, safety perceptions, and cruise travel intentions. A total of 240 responses were included and analyzed. The results revealed group differences on the three outcome variables. The results also showed that safety perceptions mediated the relationship between participants’ RPAs and cruise travel intentions. Based on the findings, this study provided practical implications on how to develop effective risk and crisis communication messages. This study also highlighted the need for more empirical and theory-driven research in the area of tourism crisis communication.Item Does robotic service improve restaurant consumer experiences? An application of the value-co-creation framework(Taylor & Francis, 2023) Jain, Namrata Rajendra Kumar; Liu-Lastres, Bingjie; Wen, Han; Tourism, Conventions, and Event Management, School of Health and Human SciencesOne recent application of technology In the foodservice industry involves robotic services in restaurants, mainly because it reduces labor costs and increases efficiencies. Driven by the value co-creation framework, the purpose of this study was to examine the impact of robot service on restaurant customer experiences and satisfaction. The sample includes a total of 1381 reviews posted from January 2015 to January 2020. This study used the software Leximancer to analyze the data and identified the following themes: Food, Robot, Quality, Ordering and Delivery Serivces. The findings further indicated that robotic services play an essential role in creating positive dining experiences and are more likely to lead to higher satisfaction levels. Based on the results, this study discussed how robotic services might contribute to customers’ value co-creating process and affect their evaluation of the dining experiences. This study, however, is delimited to English reviews and North American restaurants.Item Exploring visiting friends & relatives’ (VFRs) image fit between Indy and the Indy 500(JPES, 2021-06) Wang, Suosheng; Lee, Soonhwan; Shin, Hongbum; Tourism, Conventions, and Event Management, School of Health and Human SciencesAlthough sport and tourism researchers have become increasingly interested in studying the relationship between sport events and tourism destinations, yet not much research has been conducted to examine the similarities and dissimilarities between destination images and sport event images as well as their interrelationship. This study empirically explored the image fit between Indianapolis (Indy) as a leisure travel destination and the Indy 500 as a well-known sport event perceived by Indy’s visiting friends and relatives (VFRs). A cross-sectional questionnaire was designed consisting of four parts: 1) the cognitive image of Indy and the intent to revisit and recommend Indy as a leisure travel destination, 2) the cognitive image of the Indy 500 and the intent to revisit and recommend the Indy 500, 3) the affective image of Indy and the Indy 500 respectively using bipolar items, 4) information about respondents’ demographic characteristics and their previous visits to Indy and the Indy 500. A self-administered survey was conducted online via Qualtrics and collected with 548 usable data. According to the results of this study, the Indy 500’s cognitive image variables are more favorably perceived than Indy by the VFRs indicating the Indy 500 is more popular than the city itself as perceived by the VFRs. Indy’s tourism organizations should take advantage of the popularity of the Indy 500 when promoting the city to VFRs. All the top rated and the important cognitive image attributes are found to be related to Indy’s sports and events, which further highlights the importance of positioning Indy as a sport and event city in tourism marketing; innovative marketing strategies are needed to create a more successful image of “sport and event city” in the VFR market segment. One marketing implication of the findings is that tourism and event organizations and marketers should allocate more marketing resources and promotional efforts to the VFRs who have already visited Indy and the Indy 500 as these are the people who tend to be more active in recommending and promoting Indy and the Indy 500 to their friends. The method of quantifying image fit may not be fully adequate between sport events and destinations in this study, but the image fit approach should be recommended and applied as a supplemental tool in assessing the synergy of the attractiveness of both the destination and the sport event.Item The Impacts of the Winter Olympic Games on SPORT Tourism: A Systematic Review(Kyobo Book Centre, 2021-03-31) Bai, Xuefeng; Shin, Hongbum; Lee, Soonhwan; Tourism, Conventions, and Event Management, School of Health and Human Sciences