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Item Common genetic variants influence human subcortical brain structures(Nature Publishing Group, 2015-04-09) Hibar, Derrek P.; Stein, Jason L.; Renteria, Miguel E.; Arias-Vasquez, Alejandro; Desrivières, Sylvane; Jahanshad, Neda; Toro, Roberto; Wittfeld, Katharina; Abramovic, Lucija; Andersson, Micael; Aribisala, Benjamin S.; Armstrong, Nicola J.; Bernard, Manon; Bohlken, Marc M.; Boks, Marco P.; Bralten, Janita; Brown, Andrew A.; Chakravarty, M. Mallar; Chen, Qiang; Ching, Christopher R. K.; Cuellar-Partida, Gabriel; den Braber, Anouk; Giddaluru, Sudheer; Goldman, Aaron L.; Grimm, Oliver; Guadalupe, Tulio; Hass, Johanna; Woldehawariat, Girma; Holmes, Avram J.; Hoogman, Martine; Janowitz, Deborah; Jia, Tianye; Kim, Sungeun; Klein, Marieke; Kraemer, Bernd; Lee, Phil H.; Olde Loohuis, Loes M.; Luciano, Michelle; Macare, Christine; Mather, Karen A.; Mattheisen, Manuel; Milaneschi, Yuri; Nho, Kwangsik; Papmeyer, Martina; Ramasamy, Adaikalavan; Risacher, Shannon L.; Roiz-Santiañez, Roberto; Rose, Emma J.; Salami, Alireza; Sämann, Philipp G.; Schmaal, Lianne; Schork, Andrew J.; Shin, Jean; Strike, Lachlan T.; Teumer, Alexander; van Donkelaar, Marjolein M. J.; van Eijk, Kristel R.; Walters, Raymond K.; Westlye, Lars T.; Whelan, Christopher D.; Winkler, Anderson M.; Zwiers, Marcel P.; Alhusaini, Saud; Athanasiu, Lavinia; Ehrlich, Stefan; Hakobjan, Marina M. H.; Hartberg, Cecilie B.; Haukvik, Unn K.; Heister, Angelien J. G. A. M.; Hoehn, David; Kasperaviciute, Dalia; Liewald, David C. M.; Lopez, Lorna M.; Makkinje, Remco R. R.; Matarin, Mar; Naber, Marlies A. M.; McKay, D. Reese; Needham, Margaret; Nugent, Allison C.; Pütz, Benno; Royle, Natalie A.; Shen, Li; Sprooten, Emma; Trabzuni, Daniah; van der Marel, Saskia S. L.; van Hulzen, Kimm J. E.; Walton, Esther; Wolf, Christiane; Almasy, Laura; Ames, David; Arepalli, Sampath; Assareh, Amelia A.; Bastin, Mark E.; Brodaty, Henry; Bulayeva, Kazima B.; Carless, Melanie A.; Cichon, Sven; Corvin, Aiden; Curran, Joanne E.; Czisch, Michael; de Zubicaray, Greig I.; Dillman, Allissa; Duggirala, Ravi; Dyer, Thomas D.; Erk, Susanne; Fedko, Iryna O.; Ferrucci, Luigi; Foroud, Tatiana M.; Fox, Peter T.; Fukunaga, Masaki; Gibbs, J. Raphael; Göring, Harald H. H.; Green, Robert C.; Guelfi, Sebastian; Hansell, Narelle K.; Hartman, Catharina A.; Hegenscheid, Katrin; Heinz, Andreas; Hernandez, Dena G.; Heslenfeld, Dirk J.; Hoekstra, Pieter J.; Holsboer, Florian; Homuth, Georg; Hottenga, Jouke-Jan; Ikeda, Masashi; Jack, Clifford R.; Jenkinson, Mark; Johnson, Robert; Kanai, Ryota; Keil, Maria; Kent, Jack W.; Kochunov, Peter; Kwok, John B.; Lawrie, Stephen M.; Liu, Xinmin; Longo, Dan L.; McMahon, Katie L.; Meisenzahl, Eva; Melle, Ingrid; Mohnke, Sebastian; Montgomery, Grant W.; Mostert, Jeanette C.; Mühleisen, Thomas W.; Nalls, Michael A.; Nichols, Thomas E.; Nilsson, Lars G.; Nöthen, Markus M.; Ohi, Kazutaka; Olvera, Rene L.; Perez-Iglesias, Rocio; Pike, G. Bruce; Potkin, Steven G.; Reinvang, Ivar; Reppermund, Simone; Rietschel, Marcella; Romanczuk-Seiferth, Nina; Rosen, Glenn D.; Rujescu, Dan; Schnell, Knut; Schofield, Peter R.; Smith, Colin; Steen, Vidar M.; Sussmann, Jessika E.; Thalamuthu, Anbupalam; Toga, Arthur W.; Traynor, Bryan J.; Troncoso, Juan; Turner, Jessica A.; Valdés Hernández, Maria C.; van ’t Ent, Dennis; van der Brug, Marcel; van der Wee, Nic J. A.; van Tol, Marie-Jose; Veltman, Dick J.; Wassink, Thomas H.; Westman, Eric; Zielke, Ronald H.; Zonderman, Alan B.; Ashbrook, David G.; Hager, Reinmar; Lu, Lu; McMahon, Francis J.; Morris, Derek W.; Williams, Robert W.; Brunner, Han G.; Buckner, Randy L.; Buitelaar, Jan K.; Cahn, Wiepke; Calhoun, Vince D.; Cavalleri, Gianpiero L.; Crespo-Facorro, Benedicto; Dale, Anders M.; Davies, Gareth E.; Delanty, Norman; Depondt, Chantal; Djurovic, Srdjan; Drevets, Wayne C.; Espeseth, Thomas; Gollub, Randy L.; Ho, Beng-Choon; Hoffmann, Wolfgang; Hosten, Norbert; Kahn, René S.; Le Hellard, Stephanie; Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas; Müller-Myhsok, Bertram; Nauck, Matthias; Nyberg, Lars; Pandolfo, Massimo; Penninx, Brenda W. J. H.; Roffman, Joshua L.; Sisodiya, Sanjay M.; Smoller, Jordan W.; van Bokhoven, Hans; van Haren, Neeltje E. M.; Völzke, Henry; Walter, Henrik; Weiner, Michael W.; Wen, Wei; White, Tonya; Agartz, Ingrid; Andreassen, Ole A.; Blangero, John; Boomsma, Dorret I.; Brouwer, Rachel M.; Cannon, Dara M.; Cookson, Mark R.; de Geus, Eco J. C.; Deary, Ian J.; Donohoe, Gary; Fernández, Guillén; Fisher, Simon E.; Francks, Clyde; Glahn, David C.; Grabe, Hans J.; Gruber, Oliver; Hardy, John; Hashimoto, Ryota; Hulshoff Pol, Hilleke E.; Jönsson, Erik G.; Kloszewska, Iwona; Lovestone, Simon; Mattay, Venkata S.; Mecocci, Patrizia; McDonald, Colm; McIntosh, Andrew M.; Ophoff, Roel A.; Paus, Tomas; Pausova, Zdenka; Ryten, Mina; Sachdev, Perminder S.; Saykin, Andrew J.; Simmons, Andy; Singleton, Andrew; Soininen, Hilkka; Wardlaw, Joanna M.; Weale, Michael E.; Weinberger, Daniel R.; Adams, Hieab H. H.; Launer, Lenore J.; Seiler, Stephan; Schmidt, Reinhold; Chauhan, Ganesh; Satizabal, Claudia L.; Becker, James T.; Yanek, Lisa; van der Lee, Sven J.; Ebling, Maritza; Fischl, Bruce; Longstreth, W. T.; Greve, Douglas; Schmidt, Helena; Nyquist, Paul; Vinke, Louis N.; van Duijn, Cornelia M.; Xue, Luting; Mazoyer, Bernard; Bis, Joshua C.; Gudnason, Vilmundur; Seshadri, Sudha; Ikram, M. Arfan; Martin, Nicholas G.; Wright, Margaret J.; Schumann, Gunter; Franke, Barbara; Thompson, Paul M.; Medland, Sarah E.; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, IU School of MedicineThe highly complex structure of the human brain is strongly shaped by genetic influences. Subcortical brain regions form circuits with cortical areas to coordinate movement, learning, memory and motivation, and altered circuits can lead to abnormal behaviour and disease. To investigate how common genetic variants affect the structure of these brain regions, here we conduct genome-wide association studies of the volumes of seven subcortical regions and the intracranial volume derived from magnetic resonance images of 30,717 individuals from 50 cohorts. We identify five novel genetic variants influencing the volumes of the putamen and caudate nucleus. We also find stronger evidence for three loci with previously established influences on hippocampal volume and intracranial volume. These variants show specific volumetric effects on brain structures rather than global effects across structures. The strongest effects were found for the putamen, where a novel intergenic locus with replicable influence on volume (rs945270Item ENIGMA and the individual: Predicting factors that affect the brain in 35 countries worldwide(Elsevier, 2017-01-15) Thompson, Paul M.; Andreassen, Ole A.; Arias-Vasquez, Alejandro; Bearden, Carrie E.; Boedhoe, Premika S.; Brouwer, Rachel M.; Buckner, Randy L.; Buitelaar, Jan K.; Bulayeva, Kazima B.; Cannon, Dara M.; Cohen, Ronald A.; Conrod, Patricia J.; Dale, Anders M.; Deary, Ian J.; Dennis, Emily L.; de Reus, Marcel A.; Desrivieres, Sylvane; Dima, Danai; Donohoe, Gary; Fisher, Simon E.; Fouche, Jean-Paul; Francks, Clyde; Frangou, Sophia; Franke, Barbara; Ganjgahi, Habib; Garavan, Hugh; Glahn, David C.; Grabe, Hans J.; Guadalupe, Tulio; Gutman, Boris A.; Hashimoto, Ryota; Hibar, Derrek P.; Holland, Dominic; Hoogman, Martine; Pol, Hilleke E. Hulshoff; Hosten, Norbert; Jahanshad, Neda; Kelly, Sinead; Kochunov, Peter; Kremen, William S.; Lee, Phil H.; Mackey, Scott; Martin, Nicholas G.; Mazoyer, Bernard; McDonald, Colm; Medland, Sarah E.; Morey, Rajendra A.; Nichols, Thomas E.; Paus, Tomas; Pausova, Zdenka; Schmaal, Lianne; Schumann, Gunter; Shen, Li; Sisodiya, Sanjay M.; Smit, Dirk J.A.; Smoller, Jordan W.; Stein, Dan J.; Stein, Jason L.; Toro, Roberto; Turner, Jessica A.; Heuvel, Martijn P. van den; Heuvel, Odile L. van den; Erp, Theo G.M. van; Rooij, Daan van; Veltman, Dick J.; Walter, Henrik; Wang, Yalin; Wardlaw, Joanna M.; Whelan, Christopher D.; Wright, Margaret J.; Ye, Jieping; ENIGMA Consortium; Radiology and Imaging Sciences, School of MedicineIn this review, we discuss recent work by the ENIGMA Consortium (http://enigma.ini.usc.edu) – a global alliance of over 500 scientists spread across 200 institutions in 35 countries collectively analyzing brain imaging, clinical, and genetic data. Initially formed to detect genetic influences on brain measures, ENIGMA has grown to over 30 working groups studying 12 major brain diseases by pooling and comparing brain data. In some of the largest neuroimaging studies to date – of schizophrenia and major depression – ENIGMA has found replicable disease effects on the brain that are consistent worldwide, as well as factors that modulate disease effects. In partnership with other consortia including ADNI, CHARGE, IMAGEN and others1, ENIGMA's genomic screens – now numbering over 30,000 MRI scans – have revealed at least 8 genetic loci that affect brain volumes. Downstream of gene findings, ENIGMA has revealed how these individual variants – and genetic variants in general – may affect both the brain and risk for a range of diseases. The ENIGMA consortium is discovering factors that consistently affect brain structure and function that will serve as future predictors linking individual brain scans and genomic data. It is generating vast pools of normative data on brain measures – from tens of thousands of people – that may help detect deviations from normal development or aging in specific groups of subjects. We discuss challenges and opportunities in applying these predictors to individual subjects and new cohorts, as well as lessons we have learned in ENIGMA's efforts so far.Item Genetic architecture of subcortical brain structures in 38,851 individuals(Nature, 2019-11) Satizabal, Claudia L.; Adams, Hieab H. H.; Hibar, Derrek P.; White, Charles C.; Knol, Maria J.; Stein, Jason L.; Scholz, Markus; Sargurupremraj, Muralidharan; Jahanshad, Neda; Roshchupkin, Gennady V.; Smith, Albert V.; Bis, Joshua C.; Jian, Xueqiu; Luciano, Michelle; Hofer, Edith; Teumer, Alexander; van der Lee, Sven J.; Yang, Jingyun; Yanek, Lisa R.; Lee, Tom V.; Li, Shuo; Hu, Yanhui; Koh, Jia Yu; Eicher, John D.; Desrivières, Sylvane; Arias-Vasquez, Alejandro; Chauhan, Ganesh; Athanasiu, Lavinia; Rentería, Miguel E.; Kim, Sungeun; Hoehn, David; Armstrong, Nicola J.; Chen, Qiang; Holmes, Avram J.; den Braber, Anouk; Kloszewska, Iwona; Andersson, Micael; Espeseth, Thomas; Grimm, Oliver; Abramovic, Lucija; Alhusaini, Saud; Milaneschi, Yuri; Papmeyer, Martina; Axelsson, Tomas; Ehrlich, Stefan; Roiz-Santiañez, Roberto; Kraemer, Bernd; Håberg, Asta K.; Jones, Hannah J.; Pike, G. Bruce; Stein, Dan J.; Stevens, Allison; Bralten, Janita; Vernooij, Meike W.; Harris, Tamara B.; Filippi, Irina; Witte, A. Veronica; Guadalupe, Tulio; Wittfeld, Katharina; Mosley, Thomas H.; Becker, James T.; Doan, Nhat Trung; Hagenaars, Saskia P.; Saba, Yasaman; Cuellar-Partida, Gabriel; Amin, Najaf; Hilal, Saima; Nho, Kwangsik; Mirza-Schreiber, Nazanin; Arfanakis, Konstantinos; Becker, Diane M.; Ames, David; Goldman, Aaron L.; Lee, Phil H.; Boomsma, Dorret I.; Lovestone, Simon; Giddaluru, Sudheer; Le Hellard, Stephanie; Mattheisen, Manuel; Bohlken, Marc M.; Kasperaviciute, Dalia; Schmaal, Lianne; Lawrie, Stephen M.; Agartz, Ingrid; Walton, Esther; Tordesillas-Gutierrez, Diana; Davies, Gareth E.; Shin, Jean; Ipser, Jonathan C.; Vinke, Louis N.; Hoogman, Martine; Jia, Tianye; Burkhardt, Ralph; Klein, Marieke; Crivello, Fabrice; Janowitz, Deborah; Carmichael, Owen; Haukvik, Unn K.; Aribisala, Benjamin S.; Schmidt, Helena; Strike, Lachlan T.; Cheng, Ching-Yu; Risacher, Shannon L.; Pütz, Benno; Fleischman, Debra A.; Assareh, Amelia A.; Mattay, Venkata S.; Buckner, Randy L.; Mecocci, Patrizia; Dale, Anders M.; Cichon, Sven; Boks, Marco P.; Matarin, Mar; Penninx, Brenda W. J. H.; Calhoun, Vince D.; Chakravarty, M. Mallar; Marquand, Andre F.; Macare, Christine; Kharabian Masouleh, Shahrzad; Oosterlaan, Jaap; Amouyel, Philippe; Hegenscheid, Katrin; Rotter, Jerome I.; Schork, Andrew J.; Liewald, David C. M.; de Zubicaray, Greig I.; Wong, Tien Yin; Shen, Li; Sämann, Philipp G.; Brodaty, Henry; Roffman, Joshua L.; de Geus, Eco J. C.; Tsolaki, Magda; Erk, Susanne; van Eijk, Kristel R.; Cavalleri, Gianpiero L.; van der Wee, Nic J. A.; McIntosh, Andrew M.; Gollub, Randy L.; Bulayeva, Kazima B.; Bernard, Manon; Richards, Jennifer S.; Himali, Jayandra J.; Loeffler, Markus; Rommelse, Nanda; Hoffmann, Wolfgang; Westlye, Lars T.; Valdés Hernández, Maria C.; Hansell, Narelle K.; van Erp, Theo G. M.; Wolf, Christiane; Kwok, John B. J.; Vellas, Bruno; Heinz, Andreas; Olde Loohuis, Loes M.; Delanty, Norman; Ho, Beng-Choon; Ching, Christopher R. K.; Shumskaya, Elena; Singh, Baljeet; Hofman, Albert; van der Meer, Dennis; Homuth, Georg; Psaty, Bruce M.; Bastin, Mark E.; Montgomery, Grant W.; Foroud, Tatiana M.; Reppermund, Simone; Hottenga, Jouke-Jan; Simmons, Andrew; Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas; Cahn, Wiepke; Whelan, Christopher D.; van Donkelaar, Marjolein M. J.; Yang, Qiong; Hosten, Norbert; Green, Robert C; Thalamuthu, Anbupalam; Mohnke, Sebastian; Hulshoff Pol, Hilleke E.; Lin, Honghuang; Jack, Clifford R.; Schofield, Peter R.; Mühleisen, Thomas W.; Maillard, Pauline; Potkin, Steven G.; Wen, Wei; Fletcher, Evan; Toga, Arthur W.; Gruber, Oliver; Huentelman, Matthew; Davey Smith, George; Launer, Lenore J.; Nyberg, Lars; Jönsson, Erik G.; Crespo-Facorro, Benedicto; Koen, Nastassja; Greve, Douglas N.; Uitterlinden, André G.; Weinberger, Daniel R.; Steen, Vidar M.; Fedko, Iryna O.; Groenewold, Nynke A.; Niessen, Wiro J.; Toro, Roberto; Tzourio, Christophe; Longstreth, William T.; Ikram, M. Kamran; Smoller, Jordan W.; van Tol, Marie-Jose; Sussmann, Jessika E.; Paus, Tomas; Lemaître, Hervé; Schroeter, Matthias L.; Mazoyer, Bernard; Andreassen, Ole A.; Holsboer, Florian; Depondt, Chantal; Veltman, Dick J.; Turner, Jessica A.; Pausova, Zdenka; Schumann, Gunter; van Rooij, Daan; Djurovic, Srdjan; Deary, Ian J.; McMahon, Katie L.; Müller-Myhsok, Bertram; Brouwer, Rachel M.; Soininen, Hilkka; Pandolfo, Massimo; Wassink, Thomas H.; Cheung, Joshua W.; Wolfers, Thomas; Martinot, Jean-Luc; Zwiers, Marcel P.; Nauck, Matthias; Melle, Ingrid; Martin, Nicholas G.; Kanai, Ryota; Westman, Eric; Kahn, René S.; Sisodiya, Sanjay M.; White, Tonya; Saremi, Arvin; van Bokhoven, Hans; Brunner, Han G.; Völzke, Henry; Wright, Margaret J.; van ‘t Ent, Dennis; Nöthen, Markus M.; Ophoff, Roel A.; Buitelaar, Jan K.; Fernández, Guillén; Sachdev, Perminder S.; Rietschel, Marcella; van Haren, Neeltje E. M.; Fisher, Simon E.; Beiser, Alexa S.; Francks, Clyde; Saykin, Andrew J.; Mather, Karen A.; Romanczuk-Seiferth, Nina; Hartman, Catharina A.; DeStefano, Anita L.; Heslenfeld, Dirk J.; Weiner, Michael W.; Walter, Henrik; Hoekstra, Pieter J.; Nyquist, Paul A.; Franke, Barbara; Bennett, David A.; Grabe, Hans J.; Johnson, Andrew D.; Chen, Christopher; van Duijn, Cornelia M.; Lopez, Oscar L.; Fornage, Myriam; Wardlaw, Joanna M.; Schmidt, Reinhold; DeCarli, Charles; De Jager, Philip L.; Villringer, Arno; Debette, Stéphanie; Gudnason, Vilmundur; Medland, Sarah E.; Shulman, Joshua M.; Thompson, Paul M.; Seshadri, Sudha; Ikram, M. Arfan; Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of MedicineSubcortical brain structures are integral to motion, consciousness, emotions and learning. We identified common genetic variation related to the volumes of the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, brainstem, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen and thalamus, using genome-wide association analyses in almost 40,000 individuals from CHARGE, ENIGMA and UK Biobank. We show that variability in subcortical volumes is heritable, and identify 48 significantly associated loci (40 novel at the time of analysis). Annotation of these loci by utilizing gene expression, methylation and neuropathological data identified 199 genes putatively implicated in neurodevelopment, synaptic signaling, axonal transport, apoptosis, inflammation/infection and susceptibility to neurological disorders. This set of genes is significantly enriched for Drosophila orthologs associated with neurodevelopmental phenotypes, suggesting evolutionarily conserved mechanisms. Our findings uncover novel biology and potential drug targets underlying brain development and disease.Item Novel genetic loci associated with hippocampal volume(SpringerNature, 2017-01-18) Hibar, Derrek P.; Adams, Hieab H.H.; Jahanshad, Neda; Chauhan, Ganesh; Stein, Jason L.; Hofer, Edith; Renteria, Miguel E.; Bis, Joshua C.; Arias-Vasquez, Alejandro; Ikram, M. Kamran; Desrivières, Sylvane; Vernooij, Meike W.; Abramovic, Lucija; Alhusaini, Saud; Amin, Najaf; Andersson, Micael; Arfanakis, Konstantinos; Aribisala, Benjamin S.; Armstrong, Nicola J.; Athanasiu, Lavinia; Axelsson, Tomas; Beecham, Ashley H.; Beiser, Alexa; Bernard, Manon; Blanton, Susan H.; Bohlken, Marc M.; Boks, Marco P.; Bralten, Janita; Brickman, Adam M.; Carmichael, Owen; Chakravarty, Mallar; Chen, Qiang; Ching, Christopher R.K.; Chouraki, Vincent; Cuellar-Partida, Gabriel; Crivello, Fabrice; Den Braber, Anouk; Doan, Nhat Trung; Ehrlich, Stefan; Giddaluru, Sudheer; Goldman, Aaron L.; Gottesman, Rebecca F.; Grimm, Oliver; Griswold, Michael E.; Guadalupe, Tulio; Gutman, Boris A.; Hass, Johanna; Haukvik, Unn K.; Hoehn, David; Holmes, Avram J.; Hoogman, Martine; Janowitz, Deborah; Jia, Tianye; Jørgensen, Kjetil N.; Karbalai, Nazanin; Kasperaviciute, Dalia; Kim, Sungeun; Klein, Marieke; Kraemer, Bernd; Lee, Phil H.; Liewald, David C.M.; Lopez, Lorna M.; Luciano, Michelle; Macare, Christine; Marquand, Andre F.; Matarin, Mar; Mather, Karen A.; Mattheisen, Manuel; McKay, David R.; Milaneschi, Yuri; Maniega, Susana Muñoz; Nho, Kwangsik; Nugent, Allison C.; Nyquist, Paul; Loohuis, Loes M.; Oosterlaan, Jaap; Papmeyer, Martina; Pirpamer, Lukas; Pütz, Benno; Ramasamy, Adaikalavan; Richards, Jennifer S.; Risacher, Shannon L.; Roiz-Santiañez, Roberto; Rommelse, Nanda; Ropele, Stefan; Rose, Emma J.; Royle, Natalie A.; Rundek, Tatjana; Sämann, Philipp G.; Saremi, Arvin; Satizabal, Claudia L.; Schmaal, Lianne; Schork, Andrew J.; Shen, Li; Shin, Jean; Shumskaya, Elena; Smith, Albert V.; Sprooten, Emma; Strike, Lachlan T.; Teumer, Alexander; Tordesillas-Gutierrez, Diana; Toro, Roberto; Trabzuni, Daniah; Trompet, Stella; Vaidya, Dhananjay; Van der Grond, Jeroen; Van der Lee, Sven J.; Van der Meer, Dennis; Van Donkelaar, Marjolein M. J.; Van Eijk, Kristel R.; Van Erp, Theo G.M.; Van Rooij, Daan; Walton, Esther; Westlye, Lars T.; Whelan, Christopher D.; Windham, Beverly G.; Winkler, Anderson M.; Wittfeld, Katharina; Woldehawariat, Girma; Wolf, Christiane; Wolfers, Thomas; Yanek, Lisa R.; Yang, Jingyun; Zijdenbos, Alex; Zwiers, Marcel P.; Agartz, Ingrid; Almasy, Laura; Ames, David; Amouyel, Philippe; Andreassen, Ole A.; Arepalli, Sampath; Assareh, Amelia A.; Barral, Sandra; Bastin, Mark E.; Becker, Diane M.; Becker, James T.; Bennett, David A.; Blangero, John; van Bokhoven, Hans; Boomsma, Dorret I.; Brodaty, Henry; Brouwer, Rachel M.; Brunner, Han G.; Buckner, Randy L.; Buitelaar, Jan K.; Bulayeva, Kazima B.; Cahn, Wiepke; Calhoun, Vince D.; Cannon, Dara M.; Cavalleri, Gianpiero L; Cheng, Ching-Yu; Cichon, Sven; Cookson, Mark R.; Corvin, Aiden; Crespo-Facorro, Benedicto; Curran, Joanne E.; Czisch, Michael; Dale, Anders M.; Davies, Gareth E.; De Craen, Anton J.M.; De Geus, Eco J.C.; De Jager, Philip L.; De Zubicaray, Greig I.; Deary, Ian J.; Debette, Stéphanie; DeCarli, Charles; Delanty, Norman; Depondt, Chantal; DeStefano, Anita; Dillman, Allissa; Djurovic, Srdjan; Donohoe, Gary; Drevets, Wayne C.; Duggirala, Ravi; Dyer, Thomas D.; Enzinger, Christian; Erk, Susanne; Espeseth, Thomas; Fedko, Iryna O.; Fernández, Guillén; Ferrucci, Luigi; Fisher, Simon E.; Fleischman, Debra A.; Ford, Ian; Fornage, Myriam; Foroud, Tatiana M.; Fox, Peter T.; Francks, Clyde; Fukunaga, Masaki; Gibbs, J. Raphael; Glahn, David C.; Gollub, Randy L.; Göring, Harald H.H.; Green, Robert C.; Gruber, Oliver; Gudnason, Vilmundur; Guelfi, Sebastian; Håberg, Asta K.; Hansell, Narelle K.; Hardy, John; Hartman, Catharina A.; Hashimoto, Ryota; Hegenscheid, Katrin; Heinz, Andreas; Le Hellard, Stephanie; Hernandez, Dena G.; Heslenfeld, Dirk J.; Ho, Beng-Coon; Hoekstra, Pieter J.; Hoffman, Wolfgang; Hofman, Albert; Holsboer, Florian; Homuth, Georg; Hosten, Norbert; Hottenga, Jouke-Jan; Huentelman, Matthew; Pol, Hilleke E. Hulshoff; Ikeda, Masashi; Jack Jr., Clifford R.; Jenkinson, Mark; Johnson, Robert; Jönsson, Erik G.; Jukema, J. Wouter; Kahn, René S; Vardarajan, Badri N.; Vellas, Bruno; Veltman, Dick J.; Völzke, Henry; Walter, Henrik; Wardlaw, Joanna M.; Wassink, Thomas H.; Weale, Michael E.; Weinberger, Daniel R.; Weiner, Michael W.; Kanai, Ryota; Kloszewska, Iwona; Knopman, David S.; Kochunov, Peter; Kwok, John B.; Lawrie, Stephen M.; Lemaître, Hervé; Liu, Xinmin; Longo, Dan L.; Lopez, Oscar L.; Lovestone, Simon; Martinez, Oliver; Martinot, Jean-Luc; Mattay, Venkata S.; McDonald, Colm; McIntosh, Andrew M.; McMahon, Francis J.; McMahon, Katie L.; Mecocci, Patrizia; Melle, Ingrid; Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas; Mohnke, Sebastian; Montgomery, Grant W.; Morris, Derek W.; Mosley, Thomas H.; Mühleisen, Thomas W.; Müller-Myhsok, Bertram; Nalls, Michael A.; Nauck, Matthias; Nichols, Thomas E.; Niessen, Wiro J.; Nöthen, Markus M.; Nyberg, Lars; Purohit, Kazutaka; Olvera, Rene L.; Ophoff, Roel A.; Pandolfo, Massimo; Paus, Tomas; Pausova, Zdenka; Penninx, Brenda W. J. H.; Pike, G. Bruce; Potkin, Steven G.; Psaty, Bruce M.; Reppermund, Simone; Rietschel, Marcella; Roffman, Joshua L.; Romanczuk-Seiferth, Nina; Rotter, Jerome I.; Ryten, Mina; Sacco, Ralph L.; Sachdev, Perminder S.; Saykin, Andrew J.; Schmidt, Reinhold; Schmidt, Helena; Schofield, Peter R.; Sigursson, Sigurdur; Simmons, Andrew; Singleton, Andrew; Sisodiya, Sanjay M.; Smith, Colin; Smoller, Jordan W.; Soininen, Hilkka; Steen, Vidar M.; Stott, David J.; Sussmann, Jessika E.; Thalamuthu, Anbupalam; Toga, Arthur W.; Traynor, Bryan J.; Troncoso, Juan; Tsolaki, Magda; Tzourio, Christophe; Uitterlinden, Andre G.; Valdés Hernández, Maria C.; Van der Brug, Marcel; van der Lugt, Aad; van der Wee, Nic J. A.; Van Haren, Neeltje E. M.; van't Ent, Dennis; Van Tol, Marie-Jose; Wen, Wei; Westman, Eric; White, Tonya; Wong, Tien Y.; Wright, Clinton B.; Zielke, Ronald H.; Zonderman, Alan B.; Martin, Nicholas G.; Van Duijn, Cornelia M.; Wright, Margaret J.; Longstreth, W. T.; Schumann, Gunter; Grabe, Hans J.; Franke, Barbara; Launer, Lenore J.; Medland, Sarah E.; Seshadri, Sudha; Thompson, Paul M.; Arfan, M.; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, IU School of MedicineThe hippocampal formation is a brain structure integrally involved in episodic memory, spatial navigation, cognition and stress responsiveness. Structural abnormalities in hippocampal volume and shape are found in several common neuropsychiatric disorders. To identify the genetic underpinnings of hippocampal structure here we perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 33,536 individuals and discover six independent loci significantly associated with hippocampal volume, four of them novel. Of the novel loci, three lie within genes (ASTN2, DPP4 and MAST4) and one is found 200 kb upstream of SHH. A hippocampal subfield analysis shows that a locus within the MSRB3 gene shows evidence of a localized effect along the dentate gyrus, subiculum, CA1 and fissure. Further, we show that genetic variants associated with decreased hippocampal volume are also associated with increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (rg=-0.155). Our findings suggest novel biological pathways through which human genetic variation influences hippocampal volume and risk for neuropsychiatric illness.Item Phelan-McDermid syndrome: a classification system after 30 years of experience(BMC, 2022-01-29) Phelan, Katy; Boccuto, Luigi; Powell, Craig M.; Boeckers, Tobias M.; van Ravenswaaij‑Arts, Conny; Rogers, R. Curtis; Sala, Carlo; Verpelli, Chiara; Thurm, Audrey; Bennett, William E., Jr.; Winrow, Christopher J.; Garrison, Sheldon R.; Toro, Roberto; Bourgeron, Thomas; Pediatrics, School of MedicinePhelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS) was initially called the 22q13 deletion syndrome based on its etiology as a deletion of the distal long arm of chromosome 22. These included terminal and interstitial deletions, as well as other structural rearrangements. Later, pathogenetic variants and deletions of the SHANK3 gene were found to result in a phenotype consistent with PMS. The association between SHANK3 and PMS led investigators to consider disruption/deletion of SHANK3 to be a prerequisite for diagnosing PMS. This narrow definition of PMS based on the involvement of SHANK3 has the adverse effect of causing patients with interstitial deletions of chromosome 22 to "lose" their diagnosis. It also results in underreporting of individuals with interstitial deletions of 22q13 that preserve SHANK3. To reduce the confusion for families, clinicians, researchers, and pharma, a simple classification for PMS has been devised. PMS and will be further classified as PMS-SHANK3 related or PMS-SHANK3 unrelated. PMS can still be used as a general term, but this classification system is inclusive. It allows researchers, regulatory agencies, and other stakeholders to define SHANK3 alterations or interstitial deletions not affecting the SHANK3 coding region.