- Browse by Author
Browsing by Author "Steinberg, Richard"
Now showing 1 - 10 of 12
Results Per Page
Sort Options
Item Charitable Giving in Nonprofit Service Associations: Identities, Incentives, and Gender Differences(Sage, 2017) Qu, Heng; Steinberg, Richard; Economics, School of Liberal ArtsNonprofit service associations, such as the Lions Clubs, Rotaries, and Kiwanis, provide collective goods. Membership in a service association involves two essential elements: members’ shared interest in the club’s charitable service and private benefits stemming from social interactions with other members, such as networking, fellowship, and fun. We report results from a laboratory experiment designed to test the effect of membership and priming on charitable giving. The two experimental conditions activate chains of associative memory linked to the service or socializing aspects of membership. We find that female subjects give significantly smaller donations after receiving the socializing stimulus. Male subjects are less sensitive to our experimental conditions, giving slightly more in the socializing condition, but the differences are not statistically significant. We discuss three mechanisms that may explain our results: social identity theory, reputation and image motivations, and quality inference.Item Giving: The Next Generation – Parental Effects on Donations(2003-06) Steinberg, Richard; Wilhelm, MarkThis paper provides a summary of what is known from social science research about the effects parents have on the donations of their children. It then goes on to summarize two on-going research projects. The first project provides estimates of the strength of the relationship between the charitable giving of parents and that of their adult children. The second provides estimates of the effect of inheritances on charitable donations. Both projects use data from the Center on Philanthropy Panel Study (COPPS); accordingly, the paper provides an introduction to these data. Finally, the paper draws implications for fundraisers from the two on-going projects, and suggests several other areas in which COPPS can generate knowledge to improve the practice of fundraising.Item Government Funding and Failure in Nonprofit Organizations(2011-03-15) Vance, Danielle L.; Bielefeld, Wolfgang; Lenkowsky, Leslie, 1946-; Steinberg, RichardFor nonprofit organizations, securing and sustaining funding is essential to survival. Many nonprofit managers see government funding as ideal because of its perceived security (Grønbjerg, 1993; Froelich, 1999). However, there is little evidence to support the claim that such funds actually make nonprofits more sustainable, and some research has even suggested that nonprofits receiving “fickle” government funds are more likely to fail (Hager et al., 2004). The primary purpose of this work is to examine the relationship between government funding and nonprofit failure. Its secondary purpose is to understand the relationships between failure, government funding, and the causes for failure suggested by previous research—instability of the funding source and low funding diversification. To examine these relationships, I chose to use survival analysis and employed the Cox regression technique. Here, I analyzed the NCCS-Guidestar National Nonprofit Research Database, which archives nonprofit IRS filings from 1998 to 2003. This data set is noteworthy for its level of detail and its comprehensive nature. I found that organizations receiving government funding are less likely to fail, especially if this funding is part of a balanced portfolio. Organizations with higher percentages of nonprofit funding and organizations with less diversified overall portfolios do not. Furthermore, nonprofit organizations with less diversified portfolios were more likely to fail, and, among organizations receiving government funding, those with the highest percentage of their revenue from the government were more likely to fail than their counterparts with less funding.Item The impact of federal government welfare expenditures on state government expenditures and philanthropic giving to human service organizations (HSOs) : 2005-2006(2014-06-12) Kim, Sung-Ju; Vernon, Robert, 1947-; Adamek, Margaret E.; Walker, Marquita; Steinberg, RichardA sizeable body of research has attempted to examine the interaction between government spending and private giving known as the crowd-out effect. Most researchers reported that increases of government spending cause decreases of philanthropic giving to different types of nonprofits. However, few studies have attempted to indicate the interaction between government welfare expenditures and private giving to human service organizations even though human service organizations are the most sensitive to the changes of government spending. Additionally, the estimated crowd-out effects with a simple crowd-out model have been criticized for potential endogeneity bias. This paper investigates the total effect of federal government welfare spending on state government expenditures and philanthropic giving to human service organizations (known as joint crowd-out). I used the 2005 wave of the Center on Philanthropy Panel Study (COPPS) to estimate the effect of federal human service grants on state government spending on, and donations to human services. From these reduced-form estimates I infer the levels of simple and joint crowd-out. I found that indicate federal spending on public welfare crowds out private giving to human service organizations while holding control variables constant in the donations equation. However, federal government spending on public welfare crowds in state government spending on public welfare.Item Inheritance and Charitable Donations(12/30/2002) Steinberg, Richard; Wilhelm, Mark; Rooney, Patrick; Brown, EleanorIn this paper, we employ a unique new data set (the Philanthropy Panel Study (PPS), a module within the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID)) to test whether the propensity to donate out of inherited wealth is equal to the propensities to donate out of other wealth, earned income, and transfer payments. We find that the elasticity of giving from non-inherited wealth is much greater than from inherited wealth for total giving and gifts to religion, combined causes, people in need, health, education, and other causes. The effects of income derived from inherited wealth and labor income are similar in terms of elasticities, although inherited wealth creates a higher marginal propensity to donate. Transfer income has either a small or no apparent effect on donations.Item The Intergenerational Transmission of Generosity(2008-02) Ottoni-Wilhelm, Mark; Brown, Eleanor; Rooney, Patrick; Steinberg, RichardThe Center on Philanthropy Panel Study (COPPS) has provided the first data on the giving of parents and their children. COPPS has found that adult children whose parents give currently are much more likely to be donors themselves than are children whose parents do not give currently; they are also far more likely to give more money than children of non-donors. In addition, parents' religious giving emerges as an engine for religious generosity, affecting the religious giving of their adult children, but having no effect on children's "secular" giving (e.g., to United Way, help the poor, education, etc. ). No relationship exists between the adult children's religious affiliation and their secular giving (except among those of the Jewish faith, who also make large donations to secular causes). There is a significant relationship between parents’ secular giving and their adult children's secular giving; Parents who give generously to secular causes have adult children with higher probability of giving to secular causes and who give at higher amounts than are seen among adult children whose parents do not give as generously to secular causes. This suggests a transmission of values for secular giving.Item Networked Civil Society: Three Essays on the Government–Nonprofit Relationship in China(2018-11) Ma, Ji; Steinberg, Richard; Pasic, Amir; Lenkowsky, Leslie; Ottoni-Wilhelm, MarkThis dissertation has two goals: 1) Introducing data science methodologies to nonprofit studies; 2) Examining the impact of social relations on nonprofits’ social and economic behaviors. Ultimately, this dissertation provides empirical evidence for a new paradigm which is just in formation by a few scholars: a holistic network theory of government–nonprofit relationship. Chapter 2 establishes a robust and generalpurpose database which has the potential to support the development of a research topic. It also introduces the methodology for data management in contemporary quantitative social science. Based on the database established, Chapter 3 approaches the research question on nonprofit’s autonomy using network theory and finds that, although nonprofit organizations in China may lose their autonomy because of government officials on board, these organizations still enjoys a substantial level of freedom in the organizational network. The Chinese nonprofit sector suggests the existence of autonomous order theorized by political philosophers and observed in liberal societies. Chapter 4 reconsiders a classic research question in public economics – the crowd-out/in effect of government funding on private donations to nonprofits. This chapter proposes an innovative theoretical perspective for understanding the role of social relations in crowding mechanism: compensating mode and amplifying mode. Analysis suggests that, although government funding to a nonprofit may crowd out the private donations to the same organization, private donations are not reduced but redistributed to other nonprofits in the organizational network. This chapter also uses standardized data workflow to boost the research life-cycle, information extraction techniques to construct structured dataset from semi-structured raw data files, demonstrates how data science methodologies can help causal inference in classic econometrics.Item Patterns of Giving in COPPS 2001(11/17/2003) Steinberg, Richard; Wilhelm, MarkSerious researchers of philanthropy have bemoaned the lack of panel datasets for studying giving behavior. That gap is beginning to be filled with the start of the Center on Philanthropy Panel Study (COPPS). COPPS provides the first comprehensive panel study of giving and volunteering in the U.S., and one of the only such studies worldwide to date. Previous U.S. panels studies of giving have employed tax return data, which are limited to gifts of money and property by (in most years) itemizers and include only the financial and limited demographic data reported on those returns.Item The Philanthropic Behavior of Nonprofit Hospitals(2010-02-02T20:14:17Z) Lyons, Alvin L.; Steinberg, Richard; Wittberg, Patricia, 1947-; Morrison, Wendy; Katz, RobertThe study of the nonprofit sector has traditionally focused on nonprofit organizations as recipients of charity. A perspective that has been relatively neglected is that of nonprofit organizations as not only recipients but also as donors of charitable resources. This dissertation explores the phenomenon of philanthropic behavior of nonprofit organizations, using studies of the contributions and community health programs of nonprofit hospitals in Indiana as an example. Philanthropic behavior is defined as actions and programs initiated by a nonprofit organization to meet additional community needs – beyond its primary mission or services. It presents the hypothesis that such activities are undertaken for reasons similar to for-profit organizations – and have comparable organizational benefits. The studies reported in the dissertation show a wide variation in reporting such activities as well as of the organizational structures in place to manage such behavior. This variation is seen even in seemingly similar hospitals such as religious hospitals within an identified system. The dissertation discovers that while nonprofit organizations may engage in philanthropic behavior, these practices go largely unrecognized. Because the actions are not systematically noted or recorded, some very significant residual benefits that nonprofits provide for their defined communities are also unrecognized. It also finds that when these activities are evident, they are driven more by the professional values and actions of individual employees than by organizational policies. The dissertation concludes that drawing conclusions from this study of the data on Indiana hospitals – both from state reports and the IRS Form 990s – is difficult. There is an inconsistency between the two databases as well as within each of the datasets that makes any specific conclusions as to the relative values of different hospitals or to standards is suspect. It notes that while the revised Form 990 should help in overall transparency, the reporting of areas such as health education and donations will most probably continue to be inconsistent. This inconsistency makes the information difficult to use as either an evaluation tool or as policy to encourage community-serving behavior.Item Religious and Secular Giving, by Race and Ethnicity(2004) Ottoni-Wilhelm, Mark; Steinberg, RichardIn this article, the authors advance the literature on whether apparent differences in the giving and volunteering of black versus white, or Hispanic versus other families, are real. They employ new data, COPPS, that help to determine whether the differences are due to race and ethnicity themselves or a variety of factors that are correlated with these labels.