Browsing by Author "Sowinski, Kevin M."

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    Arrhythmias in Patients With Heart Failure Prescribed Dofetilide or Sotalol
    (Elsevier, 2024-11-07) Huang, Chien-Yu; Overholser, Brian R.; Sowinski, Kevin M.; Jaynes, Heather A.; Kovacs, Richard J.; Tisdale, James E.; Medicine, School of Medicine
    Background: Heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is a risk factor for drug-induced arrhythmias. It is unknown whether HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) also increases the risk. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine if the risk of ventricular tachycardia (VT) and sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is increased in patients with HFpEF prescribed dofetilide or sotalol. Methods: Using Medicare claims and pharmacy benefits from 2014 to 2016, we identified patients taking dofetilide or sotalol and non-dofetilide/sotalol users among 3 groups: HFrEF (n = 26,176), HFpEF (n = 33,304), and no HF (n = 580,249). Multinomial propensity score matching was performed. We compared baseline characteristics using Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel statistics and standardized differences, and tested associations of VT and SCA among dofetilide/sotalol users and those with HFpEF, HFrEF, or no HF using a generalized Cox proportional hazards model. Results: VT and SCA occurred 166 (10.68%) and 16 (1.03%) of 1,554 dofetilide/sotalol users with HFpEF, 543 (38.76%) and 40 (2.86%) of 1,401 dofetilide/sotalol users with HFrEF, and 245 (5.06%) and 13 (0.27%) of 4,839 dofetilide/sotalol users without HF. Overall VT risk was increased in HFrEF and HFpEF patients (HR: 7.00 [95% CI: 6.10-8.02] and 1.99 [95% CI: 1.70-2.32], respectively). The risk of VT in patients prescribed dofetilide/sotalol was increased in HFrEF and HFpEF patients (1.53 [95% CI: 1.07-2.20] and 2.34 [95% CI: 1.11-4.95], respectively). While the overall SCA risk was increased in HFrEF and HFpEF patients (5.19 [95% CI: 4.10-6.57] and 2.53 [95% CI: 1.98-3.23], respectively), dofetilide/sotalol use was not associated with an increased SCA risk. Conclusions: In patients with HF who are prescribed dofetilide or sotalol, the risk of VT, but not SCA, was increased.
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    Effect of Transdermal Testosterone and Oral Progesterone on Drug-Induced QT Interval Lengthening in Older Men
    (American Heart Association, 2019-09-23) Muensterman, Elena Tomaselli; Jaynes, Heather A.; Sowinski, Kevin M.; Overholser, Brian R.; Shen, Changyu; Kovacs, Richard J.; Tisdale, James E.; Medicine, School of Medicine
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    Enhanced Response to Drug-Induced QT Interval Lengthening in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
    (Elsevier, 2020-09) Tisdale, James E.; Jaynes, Heather A.; Overholser, Brian R.; Sowinski, Kevin M.; Fisch, Mark D.; Rodgers, Jo E.; Aldemerdash, Ahmed; Hsu, Chia-Chi; Wang, Nan; Tomaselli Muensterman, Elena; Rao, Vijay U.; Kovacs, Richard J.; Medicine, School of Medicine
    Background: Patients with heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction demonstrate enhanced response to drug-induced QT interval lengthening and are at increased risk for torsades de pointes. The influence of HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) on response to drug-induced QT lengthening is unknown. Methods and results: We administered intravenous ibutilide 0.003 mg/kg to 10 patients with HFpEF and 10 age- and sex-matched control subjects without HF. Serial 12-lead electrocardiograms were obtained for determination of QT intervals. Demographics, maximum serum ibutilide concentrations, area under the serum ibutilide concentration vs time curves, and baseline Fridericia-corrected QT (QTF) (417 ± 14 vs 413 ± 15 ms, P = .54) were similar in the HFpEF and control groups. Area under the effect (QTFvs time) curve (AUEC) from 0 to 1.17 hours during and following the ibutilide infusion was greater in the HFpEF group (519 ± 19 vs 497 ± 18 ms·h, P= .04), as was AUEC from 0 to 8.17 hours (3576 ± 125 vs 3428 ± 161 ms·h, P = .03) indicating greater QTF interval exposure. Maximum QTF (454 ± 15 vs 443 ± 22 ms, P = .18) and maximum percent increase in QTF from baseline (8.2 ± 2.1 vs 6.7 ± 1.9%, P = .10) in the 2 groups were not significantly different. Conclusions: HFpEF is associated with enhanced response to drug-induced QT interval lengthening.
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    Gentamicin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics during short-daily hemodialysis
    (S. Karger AG, 2012) Decker, Brian S.; Mohamed, Ahmed N.; Chambers, Mary; Kraus, Michael A.; Moe, Sharon M.; Sowinski, Kevin M.; Department of Medicine, IU School of Medicine
    BACKGROUND/AIMS: Gentamicin pharmacokinetics have not been described in patients undergoing short-daily hemodialysis (SDHD). The aim of this study is to describe gentamicin pharmacokinetics and dialytic clearance (Cl(dial)) in SDHD patients and simulate gentamicin exposure after six dosing regimens to help guide future dosing. METHODS: Six anuric patients undergoing SDHD were enrolled. Patients received intravenous infusion of 2 mg/kg gentamicin on day 1 after the first HD session followed by HD sessions on days 2, 3, and 4. Blood samples for determination of gentamicin concentrations were serially collected. Gentamicin pharmacokinetic parameters and Cl(dial) and interindividual variability terms (IIV) were estimated using NONMEM VII. Influence of patient weight on systemic clearance (Cl(s)) and central volume of distribution (V(c)) and influence of urea removal estimates on Cl(dial) were assessed. The model was used to simulate gentamicin concentrations after six dosing regimens including pre- and postdialysis as well as daily and every-other-day dosing. RESULTS: A two-compartment model with first-order elimination from central compartment described gentamicin pharmacokinetics. Population estimates for Cl(s) and Cl(dial) were 7.6 and 134 ml/min, respectively. Patient weight was statistically significantly associated with Cl(s) and V(c). Predialysis every-other-day regimens were as effective (C(max) ≥8 mg/l and AUC(48 h) ≥140 mg·h/l) and less toxic (C(min) <2 mg/l and AUC(48 h) <240 mg·h/l) than postdialysis regimens. CONCLUSIONS: Estimated gentamicin Cl(dial) is higher than previous estimates with thrice-weekly regimens. Predialysis every-other-day dosing may be recommended during SDHD.
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    Influence of Oral Progesterone Administration on Drug-Induced QT Interval Lengthening: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study
    (Elsevier, 2016-12) Tisdale, James E.; Jaynes, Heather A.; Overholser, Brian R.; Sowinski, Kevin M.; Flockhart, David A.; Kovacs, Richard J.; Medicine, School of Medicine
    Objectives We tested the hypothesis that oral progesterone administration attenuates drug-induced QT interval lengthening. Background Evidence from preclinical and human investigations suggests that higher serum progesterone concentrations may be protective against drug-induced QT interval lengthening. Methods In this prospective, double-blind, crossover study, 19 healthy female volunteers (21-40 years) were randomized to receive progesterone 400 mg or matching placebo orally once daily for 7 days timed to the menses phase of the menstrual cycle (between-phase washout period = 49 days). On day 7, ibutilide 0.003 mg/kg was infused over 10 minutes, after which QT intervals were recorded and blood samples collected for 12 hours. Prior to the treatment phases, subjects underwent ECG monitoring for 12 hours to calculate individualized heart rate-corrected QT intervals (QTcI). Results Fifteen subjects completed all study phases. Maximum serum ibutilide concentrations in the progesterone and placebo phases were similar (1247±770 vs 1172±709 pg/mL, p=0.43). Serum progesterone concentrations were higher during the progesterone phase (16.2±11.0 vs 1.2±1.0 ng/mL, p<0.0001), while serum estradiol concentrations in the two phases were similar (89.3±62.8 vs 71.8±31.7 pg/mL, p=0.36). Pre-ibutilide lead II QTcI was significantly lower in the progesterone phase (412±15 vs 419±14 ms, p=0.04). Maximum ibutilide-associated QTcI (443±17 vs 458±19 ms, p=0.003), maximum percent increase in QTcI from pretreatment value (7.5±2.4 vs 9.3±3.4%, p=0.02) and area under the effect (QTcI) curve during the first hour post-ibutilide (497±13 vs 510±16 ms-hr, p=0.002) were lower during the progesterone phase. Progesterone-associated adverse effects included fatigue/malaise and vertigo. Conclusions Oral progesterone administration attenuates drug-induced QTcI lengthening.
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    Pharmacokinetics of Procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide during Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
    (Elsevier, 2013) Mohamed, Ahmed N.; Abdelhady, Ahmed M.; Spencer, Dustin; Sowinski, Kevin M.; Tisdale, James E.; Overholser, Brian R.; Medicine, School of Medicine
    Procainamide and its major metabolite, N-acetyl procainamide (NAPA), prolong the QTc interval and can promote potentially fatal ventricular arrhythmias. Excretion of procainamide and NAPA is reduced in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) resulting in drug accumulation and toxicity. The elimination of procainamide or NAPA in patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) has not been evaluated increasing the risk for subtherapeutic or toxic dosing regimens. This case report describes a patient undergoing CRRT who was administered procainamide for recurring ventricular tachycardia (VT) over approximately a 36 hour period. The patient required increased vasopressor therapy and developed QTc prolongation during procainamide administration. The VT resided following pacemaker adjustments, procainamide administration, and multiple direct current cardioversion attempts. Procainamide and NAPA concentrations were determined over a 120 hour period as part of routine clinical care and a pharmacokinetic (PK) model was developed using NONMEM. The developed PK model was used to simulate several procainamide dosing regimens to optimize therapy during CRRT. Based on the model-based simulations, a 50% reduction in the procainamide maintenance dose (2 mg/min) in CKD patients on CRRT can achieve therapeutic plasma procainamide and combined procainamide/NAPA concentrations.
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    Progesterone pretreatment reduces the incidence of drug-induced torsades de pointes in atrioventricular node-ablated isolated perfused rabbit hearts
    (Wiley, 2019-04-21) Tisdale, James E.; Jaynes, Heather A.; Overholser, Brian R.; Sowinski, Kevin M.; Kovacs, Richard J.; Medicine, School of Medicine
    Introduction Higher progesterone concentrations are protective against drug-induced prolongation of ventricular repolarization. We tested the hypothesis that pretreatment with progesterone reduces the incidence of drug-induced torsades de pointes (TdP). Methods and results Female New Zealand white rabbits (2.5–3.2 kg) underwent ovariectomy and were randomized to undergo implantation with subcutaneous 21-day sustained release pellets containing progesterone 50 mg (n=22) or placebo (n=23). After 20 days, hearts were excised, mounted, and perfused with modified Krebs-Henseleit solution. The atrioventricular (AV) node was destroyed manually. Following a 15-minute equilibration period, hearts were perfused with dofetilide 100 nM for 30 minutes, during which the electrocardiogram was recorded continuously. Incidences of spontaneous TdP, other ventricular arrhythmias and mean QTc intervals were compared. Median serum progesterone concentrations were higher in progesterone versus placebo-treated rabbits [3.8 (range, 2.8–5.1) vs 0.7 (0.4–1.7) ng/mL, p<0.0001]. Median serum estradiol concentrations were similar [58 (22–72) versus 53 (34–62) pg/mL), p=0.79]. The incidence of TdP was lower in hearts from progesterone-treated rabbits (27% vs 61%, p=0.049). The incidences of bigeminy (36% vs 74%, p=0.03) and trigeminy (18% vs 57%, p=0.01) were also lower in hearts from progesterone-treated rabbits. There was no significant difference between groups in incidence of couplets (59% vs 74%, p=0.54) or monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (14% vs 30%, p=0.28). Maximum QTc interval and short term beat-to-beat QT interval variability during dofetilide perfusion were significantly shorter in hearts from progesterone-treated rabbits. Conclusions Pretreatment with progesterone reduces the incidence of drug-induced TdP, bigeminy and trigeminy in isolated, perfused AV node-ablated rabbit hearts.
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    Transdermal Testosterone Attenuates Drug-Induced Lengthening of Both Early and Late Ventricular Repolarization in Older Men
    (Wiley, 2021) Tomaselli Muensterman, Elena; Jaynes, Heather A.; Sowinski, Kevin M.; Overholser, Brian R.; Shen, Changyu; Kovacs, Richard J.; Tisdale, James E.; Medicine, School of Medicine
    We have previously reported that transdermal testosterone attenuates drug-induced QT interval lengthening in older men. However, it is unknown whether this is due to modulation of early ventricular repolarization, late repolarization, or both. In a secondary analysis of a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled three-way crossover study, we determined if transdermal testosterone and oral progesterone attenuate drug-induced lengthening of early and late ventricular repolarization, represented by the electrocardiographic measurements J-Tpeak c and Tpeak -Tend , respectively, as well as Tpeak -Tend /QT, a measure of transmural dispersion of repolarization. Male volunteers ≥ 65 years of age (n = 14) were randomized to receive transdermal testosterone 100 mg, oral progesterone 400 mg, or matching transdermal/oral placebo daily for 7 days. On the morning following the seventh day, subjects received intravenous ibutilide 0.003 mg/kg, after which electrocardiograms were performed serially. One subject was excluded due to difficulty in T-wave interpretation. Pre-ibutilide J-Tpeak c was lower during the testosterone phase than during progesterone and placebo (216 ± 23 vs. 227 ± 28 vs. 227 ± 21 ms, P = 0.002). Maximum post-ibutilide J-Tpeak c was also lower during the testosterone phase (233 ± 22 vs. 246 ± 29 vs. 248 ± 23 ms, P < 0.0001). Pre-ibutilide Tpeak -Tend was not significantly different during the three phases, but maximum post-ibutilide Tpeak -Tend was lower during the testosterone phase (80 ± 12 vs. 89 ± 18 vs. 86 ± 15 ms, P = 0.002). Maximum Tpeak -Tend /QT was also lower during the testosterone phase (0.199 ± 0.023 vs. 0.216 ± 0.035 vs. 0.209 ± 0.031, P = 0.005). Progesterone exerted minimal effect on drug-induced lengthening of J-Tpeak c, and no effect on Tpeak -Tend or Tpeak -Tend /QT. Transdermal testosterone attenuates drug-induced lengthening of both early and late ventricular repolarization in older men.