Browsing by Author "Shanks, James"
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Item A Comparison of Radiographic, Photographic and Anthropometric Assessments of Craniofacial Asymmetry(2002) Reese, Steven A.; Hartsfield, James K., Jr.; Everett, Eric T.; Hohlt, William F.; Shanks, James; Ward, Richard E.A series of 56 orthodontic patients from the ages of 9 to 48 were involved in a prospective study on craniofacial asymmetry at Indiana University Department of Oral Facial Development. Each of the 56 individuals had fourteen bilateral anthropometric facial measurements made which were used to quantify asymmetry based on the anthropometric technique. Standard orthodontic records were taken and routine clinical exams were performed. Fourteen bilateral landmarks similar to the anthropometric landmarks were identified and measured from posterior-anterior cephalometric radiographs. Asymmetry scores for each individual were calculated using the same mathematical method as with the anthropometric data. The correlation of the two methods was calculated statistically using Pearson Product Correlation Coefficient. In addition, 26 clinicians evaluated the same patients from frontal photographs and gave each individual an overall score based on his or her apparent asymmetry. These average scores from the examiners were compared statistically to the total asymmetry scores from both the radiographic and the anthropometric data. The hypothesis was that the anthropometric data and the radiographic data would be more closely correlated with each other than either would be with the photographic data (examiner's scores). Data in this study support the hypothesis. Although some significant correlations exist between radiographic and anthropometric methods, the correlation is not high. Neither of the methods shows a correlation with the photographic data. Different measurement techniques measure different aspects of asymmetry with different errors associated with it, and clinical decisions based only on one method must be interpreted with caution.Item An Analysis of the Fatigue Resistance of Beta Titanium and the Effect of Spot-Welding Upon the Fatigue Resistance of this Alloy(1984) Wong, Michael B.; Garner, LaForrest; Baldwin, James; Moore, Keith; Barton, Paul; Shanks, JamesThis investigation was designed to establish a fatigue curve for beta titanium, determine the effect of spot-welding upon the fatigue resistance of this alloy, and provide qualitative observations about surface characteristics of different batches of TMA in relation to their fatigue lives. Rectangular .016" x .022" 1MA was evaluated. Twelve specimens in each group were tested, making the total sample size 108. The wire samples were evaluated using a cantilever bend test in which specimens were stressed cyclically at varying deflections. Two welded groups were also tested. An auxiliary .016" x .022" TMA was welded to a main test segment of TMA with the .016" side against the opposing .016" side. The weld overlap varied at 25% for one group and 50% for the other. These specimens were stressed at the area adjacent to the weld. One specimen from each group was viewed under the scanning electron microscope to evaluate the fractured area. Specimens from three different batches of 1MA were tested and their fatigue lives compared at .625 inch deflection. One specimen from each batch was viewed under the scanning electron microscope to evaluate its surface structure. A fatigue curve for TMA was plotted from the data. At .625 inch deflection, welding an auxiliary onto the main segment significantly decreased the fatigue resistance of the wire. However, both welded groups had comparable fatigue lives. These wire specimens fractured at some point adjacent to the welded site. Fatigue resistance differed significantly between one batch of TMA and the other two. The scanning electron micrographs of representative specimens from each batch seemed to indicate that the fatigue resistance of each batch was inversely related to its surface roughness.Item Analysis of a TNFRSF11A Gene Polymorphism and External Apical Root Resorption During Orthodontic Treatment(2005-07) French, Michael; Hartsfield, James K., Jr.; Al-Qawasmi, Riyad A.; Foroud, Tatiana M.; Roberts, W. Eugene; Shanks, JamesExternal Apical Root Resorption (EARR) can be an undesirable side effect of orthodontic treatment. Several studies have already recognized a genetic predisposition to EARR, and some have suggested possible candidate genes that may be involved. The objective of this prospective study was to explore one possible candidate gene that may predispose individuals to EARR during orthodontic treatment. The TNFRSF11A gene encodes the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa β (RANK). Together with the RANK ligand, RANK mediates cell signaling that leads to osteoclastogenesis. A diallelic marker was used to investigate the possible relationship between a nonsynonymous TNFRSF11A (RANK) polymorphism and the individuals' development of EARR concurrent with orthodontic treatment. Buccal swab cells of 112 patients who had completed orthodontic treatment were collected for DNA isolation and analysis. EARR of the maxillary central incisors was calculated based on measurements from pre and post treatment occlusal radiographs. Linear regression analysis indicated that length of treatment, overjet, and molar classification are significant predictors of EARR (p=0.05). Other factors, including age, gender, and overbite, were not found to be significantly associated with EARR. An ANOVA was performed to examine the relationship of the genotyped TNFRSF11A marker with the dependent variable EARR. When individuals having at least one copy of allele 2 (1,2 and 2,3 genotypes) were pooled together, a marginally significant association was found between EARR and the marker. Further analysis using logistic regression revealed that individuals with a (1,1) genotype are 4.3 times more likely to be affected by EARR than a person with a (1,2) or (2,2) genotype. From these findings it was concluded that EARR is a complex condition influenced by several treatment variables with the TNFRSF11A gene and its product (RANK) contributing to the individuals' predisposition.Item Changes of the Nasolabial Angle Due to Orthodontic Treatment and Facial Growth(1987) Sessions, Jeffrey D.; Garner, LaForrest; Miller, James; Nelson, Charles; Shanks, James; Barton, PaulThis study addressed the quantitative changes of the Nasolabial angle, lip retraction and columellar changes due to treatment with concomitant growth. Sixty initial and final lateral headplates were examined on prepubertal children who underwent comprehensive orthodontic treatment. The angular changes in the Nasolabial angle (△NLA), Labial angle (△A) and Nasal angle (△B) were measured along with the horizontal (△H) and vertical (△V) linear changes of maxillary central incisor. Each of these five measurement changes was tested for the effects of extraction and gender. Correlations were drawn between the △NLA: △AH, △NLA: △V, NLA: △A, △NLA: △B, and △A: △H. Analysis of variance showed that extraction therapy exhibited a larger treatment change than non-extraction therapy for the NLA and upper lip, with the NLA increasing in magnitude and the Labial angle showing upper lip retraction. There was also a sex difference for the treatment change in the lower border of the nose. The only high correlation found was between the opening of the NLA and the retraction of the upper lip (NLA: △A gave r = -0.84). The other correlations were significant but low. These findings could aid in orthodontic treatment planning when changes in the upper lip and NLA will affect the facial esthetics.Item Comparison of Frictional Forces Between Three Grades of Low Friction "Colors" TMA(2001) Rosenthall, Mark R.; Oshida, Yoshiki; Baldwin, James; Hohlt, William; Katona, Thomas; Shanks, JamesFrictional forces between archwires and brackets play a significant role in the efficiency of orthodontic tooth movement. The purpose of this investigation were to (1) compare the wet static frictional forces of low friction "Colors" TMA ™ arch wires with arch wires of other materials (stainless steel, NiTi, and uncoated TMA ™) and (2) test the effects of repetitive sliding. Testing was accomplished by using a cantilever testing device, which held the archwire in place between two 303 stainless steel test flats. The test flats were used to simulate an orthodontic bracket. A saliva substitute (Ringer's solution) was used to simulate the oral environment. Six wire types (stainless steel, NiTi, TMA ™, and three types of "Colors" TMA ™ wires [purple, aqua and honeydew]). For each said wire type, 15 archwires were tested. Each archwire type was run five times at three different weights (normal forces) and each wire was subjected to five repetitions. In total, 450 runs were established. The effects of wire type (6 types), normal force (1267g, 2153g, 2533g) and repetition (5 per wire) on wet static frictional were examined using three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Pairwise comparisons between treatment combinations were made using Sidak method to control the overall significance level. After wire testing, a sample of untested (0 runs) and tested (1 run, 5 runs) wires were viewed under a light microscope at 160X magnification. The results indicated uncoated TMA ™ wires produced the highest wet static frictional forces. In general, NiTi produced the next highest force levels followed by the three "Colors" TMA ™ wires, and then stainless steel. Repetition was observed to affect only NiTi and uncoated TMA TM wires. NiTi wires showed a decrease in force values between runs 1 and 5 at p < 0.05. Uncoated TMA ™ showed an increase in force values between runs 1 and 2. The cause for these findings could not be validated by light microscope evaluation.Item Effect of Aging on Bone Remodeling in Canine Mandibular Condyle(1998) Fernández, Aurora Paula; Garetto, Lawrence P.; Chen, Jie; Crow, Heidi; Katona, Thomas R.; Shanks, JamesPrevious research indicates that overall, bone turnover decreases with age. The effects of aging on the remodeling of the mandibular condyle have not been studied. As part of the temporomandibular joint, the mandibular condyle (MC) is exposed to a unique pattern of loading. As such, data obtained from studies of other bones may not be applicable to accurately explain the behavior of trabecular bone of the mandibular condyle and its relationship to aging. Recent research has led to the finding that cortical bone turnover in the mandible is much higher than that seen in tibia, and that both sites decline with age. The purpose of this study was to histomorphometrically quantify the effects of aging on the bone remodeling of the canine MC, and to determine whether site-specific differences due to age occur in the dynamic and static parameters between MC and tibial condyle (TC). Fluorochrome labels were used to mark sites of bone formation in ten old and five young dogs. Specimens were obtained from one MC and one TC for each dog and were prepared for analysis of static and dynamic histomorphometric indices. Mineral apposition and bone formation were totally absent in the old group, as shown by the lack of fluorochrome labels. In the young group, they were significantly higher in the MC than in the TC (p < 0.01). Aging resulted in a significant increase of volume density of the subchondral bone (p < 0.05). Trabecular bone volume was not significantly affected by age in the samples studied. The results indicate that bone remodeling is markedly higher in MC than in the TC in young dogs. With aging, it declines to zero in both sites. Whether the loss of remodeling activity in these elderly animals indicates that they are fully adapted to their mechanical environment or that they have lost the intrinsic ability to remodel, remains to be determined.Item Effect of Etidronate on Bone Remodeling in Dog Mandibular Condyle(1998) Cottingham, Karen L.; Garetto, Lawrence P.; Burr, David B.; Crow, Heidi; Katona, Thomas R.; Shanks, JamesBisphosphonates, drugs which inhibit bone resorption and remodeling, are currently prescribed for the treatment of osteoporosis. Previous research suggests that decreased bone turnover may lead to accumulation of microdamage, possibly increasing the risk for fracture in some sites. The effects of bisphosphonate therapy on the mandibular condyle have not been quantitatively studied. The purpose of the proposed study was to histomorphometrically quantify the effects of etidronate (a bisphosphonate) on trabecular bone sites of the dog mandibular condyle and to compare this to another trabecular bone site (vertebrae) to determine whether the two sites were affected differently. Eleven mature female dogs were treated with high- (5 mg/kg/d) and low- (0.5 mg/kg/d) dose etidronate therapy for seven months. Fluorochrome labels were used to mark sites of bone mineralization for the calculation of static and dynamic histomorphometric parameters. High-dose therapy resulted in a complete inhibition of remodeling, as shown by the reduction of mineral apposition rate (MAR), bone formation rate (BFR), and mineralizing surface (MS/BS) to zero. Low-dose therapy also decreased BFR and MS/BS. Osteoid accumulation was only significant in the high-dose therapy group, but there was no evidence of osteomalacia (osteoid volume < 5%). Etidronate treatment had no significant effect on bone volume, trabecular number, trabecular thickness, or trabecular separation. Vertebral trabeculae ranged from 5.5 to 9.5 times greater in number than mandibular trabeculae, but were 45 to 60 percent thinner and closer together. The interaction between dosage and site was insignificant for all parameters studied. Further investigation is needed to determine whether these effects will prove to be harmful to the mandibular condyle, especially over a long period of time.Item Effects of Occlusal Splints and Occlusal Equilibration on Skeletal Muscles in TMJ Patients(1987) Larson, Robert Gardner; Garner, LaForrest D.; Goldblatt, Lawrence; Koerber, Leonard G.; Shanks, James; Schnell, Richard; Sondhi, Anoop; Barton, PaulIncreased interest in "sports dentistry" has led investigators to adopt divergent views. Some believe that the position of the mandible in relation to the cranium may be critical to peak athletic performance. Others believe that mandibular position does not affect the performance of skeletal muscles, and that mouthguards or orthopedic repositioning splints used to alter mandibular position are nothing more than expensive placebos. These critics state that there is no scientific evidence to support claims of increased athletic performance. This study investigated whether correcting temporanandibular dysfunction with an occlusal splint could affect skeletal muscle strength, and whether any increase in strength could be attributable dimensions of the splint. Ten patients with a temporomandibular joint problem were selected. Isometric skeletal muscle strength was tested with an occlusal splint, a placebo splint, and no splint. The notions tested were horizontal arm adduction, hip flexion with knee bent, and shoulder abduction. Nine of the patients were treated until they were asymptomatic and then tested again with and without the occlusal splint. An occlusal equilibration was performed, and then patients were again tested with and without the splint. The placebo splint never showed a significant increase in strength. The treatment splint showed a significant increase in the horizontal arm adduction and hip flexion at the initial placement, both at the .05 level of significance. After the patients were asymptomatic, all three notions tested stronger with the splint versus the original occlusion at the .05 level of significance. Following occlusal equilibration the splint showed no significant change as compared to no splint. With experimental design or interpretation, proponents and opponents of the increased muscle strength theory usually prove their point. Although empirical results seem to indicate an increase in muscle strength, the results were inconsistent in some areas. The increases shown were possibly within the range of error and subjectivity. There was some indication that the skeletal muscle performance may have been increased; however, the increases were not large, and the sample size was small.Item Evaluation of IL-1 B (+3954) Gene Polymorphism and External Apical Root Resporption Associated with Orthodontic Treatment(2005) Smith, Elizabeth Dockerty; Hartsfield, James K., Jr.; Al-Qawasmi, Riyad A.; Foroud, Tatiana M.; Roberts, W. Eugene; Shanks, JamesThe purpose of this prospective study was to examine the external apical root resorption (EARR) status and genetic marker composition of 100 Caucasian patients (59 females and 41 males) who have undergone orthodontic treatment at the private practice office of Dr. James V. Macri. A diallelic polymorphism marker for IL-1B +3954 within the candidate gene IL-1B was used to investigate the difference in relative risk for EARR. EARR measurements taken on pre and post treatment occlusal radiographs were then used to determine any association with genotype. Using linear regression analysis, length of treatment, overjet and molar classification were found to be significant predictors of EARR (p<0.05). The findings indicated that increased length of treatment or overjet is associated with increased EARR. Furthermore, those subjects with a class II molar classification were less likely to experience EARR compared to those with either a class I or class III molar classification. An ANOV A test was performed to examine the relationship of the IL-1B marker with the dependent variable EARR. There was no statistically significant association between the IL-1B genotype and EARR (p=0.53). Finally, a chi-square test was used to evaluate the association of the IL-1B genotypes in the affected (>5mm EARR) and unaffected (<5mm EARR) groups. There was no significant association between affection status and the IL-1B genotype (p=0.87).Item Evaluation of the IL-6 Gene in External Apical Root Resorption Associated with Orthodontic Treatment(2003) Harris, Nathan P.; Hartsfield, James K., Jr.; Everett, Eric T.; Foroud, Tatiana M.; Roberts, W. Eugene; Shanks, JamesThe objective of this project is to investigate the possibility that a functional polymorphism of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene is associated with external apical root resorption (EARR) during orthodontic tooth movement. If genes that are involved in EARR could be identified and easily screened, the orthodontist could adjust the patient's treatment plan accordingly. Having information about a patient's susceptibility to EARR could help diagnose and treat a patient accordingly. This would allow orthodontists to monitor patients more closely or modify the treatment plan to minimize the amount EARR. The study sample consists of 60 subjects from 36 different families. The siblings had received orthodontic treatment at Indiana University School of Dentistry or in the private practice of Dr. James V. Macri. EARR was not a prerequisite to be included in this sample. Informed consent was obtained for sample collection. This study received Indiana University School of Dentistry Student Research Subcommittee Review and Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis Institutional Review Board approval. No significant difference between any of the IL-6 genotypes and EARR could be noted. The hypothesis that individuals with the IL-6 -174 C/C genotype would show a greater amount of EARR during orthodontic treatment could not be supported.