IU Indianapolis ScholarWorks :: Browsing by Author "Schneider, William H."

Browsing by Author "Schneider, William H."

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African-American Hospitals and Health Care in Early Twentieth Century Indianapolis, Indiana, 1894-1917
(2016-05) Erickson, Norma B.; Labode, Modupe Gloria; Schneider, William H.; Barrows, Robert G.
At the end of the nineteenth century, the African-American population of Indianapolis increased, triggering a need for health care for the new emigrants from the South. Within the black population, some individuals pursued medical degrees to become physicians. At the same time, advances in medical treatment—especially surgical operations—shifted the most common site of care from patients’ homes to hospitals. Professionally trained nurses, mostly white, began to replace family members or untrained African-American nurses who previously delivered care to Black patients. Barriers of racial segregation kept both the Black doctors and Black nurses from practicing in the municipal City Hospital in Indianapolis. To remedy this problem, the city's African-American leaders undertook establishing healthcare institutions with nurse training schools during the first few years of the twentieth century. This thesis argues that the healthcare institution-building that occurred in the early twentieth century offered opportunities for the practice of self-help in the Black community. The institutions also created a bridge for Black-white relations because the Black hospitals attracted the support of prominent white leaders. Good health and health care for the sick or injured were necessary to achieve racial uplift, and healthcare consumption became an indicator of social status and economic success. Racially segregated institutions afforded doctors and nurses a chance to increase their expertise and prove they were capable of functioning in the public hospital system. After a decade of working in separate institutions, the Black community prepared to push for full access to the city's tax-supported City Hospital as a civil right.
Belgian Soldiers’ Perceptions of the Enemy during the First World War, 1914 - 1918
(2009) Lambrecht, Jeroen; Cramer, Kevin; Schneider, William H.; Little, Monroe H.
The First World War was a long stalemated war in which millions of men fought and died. Many studies have looked at the reasons soldiers fought and stopped fighting. In this study, the perceptions that Belgian soldiers had of their enemy, Germany, are looked at. The Belgian army was stationed on a small part of the front at the coast, the last part of Belgium that is un-occupied. The war can be divided into three phases: the first phase is the invasion until the Germans were stopped, the second begins with the stalemate and the development of trench warfare on the Western Front, and the third and last phase is the pushing back of the Germans and final victory. In the first phase with the invasion and brutality of the Germans in Belgium, Belgian soldiers formed a view of Germans as barbarians, capable of anything. With the second phase the perceptions started to diverge among the men, depending on experience and surroundings of the soldiers; some get use to their new environment, old and new conflicts resurfaced, Germans faded into the background. On the other hand the war was still going on, violence of war was all around them, and brothers in arms were killed. In the third phase soldiers became enthusiastic again because of the prospect of being able to go home. With the ending of the war old grudges were not settled. The Peace treaty was not what was expected. A lot of memorials built at the time reflected views of Germany that very explicitly highlighted their perceived misbehavior, especially at the beginning on the war. Naturally this led to tensions between Belgium and Germany. Many Belgians never forgot what happened during the war, nor let go of their views that were formed.
The civil society of Colombia
(2016-05-16) Evans, Van C.; Burlingame, Dwight F.; Bies, Angela; Schneider, William H.; Latz, Gil
The Republic of Colombia, with approximately 48 million inhabitants, is the fourth largest country by population in the Americas, after the U.S., Brasil, and México. It is divided politically into 32 departments and 10 districts with 1101 municipalities. Colombia has a rich history of philanthropy and solidarity since colonial times. Together, with the political strife of the past, these shed light on present day philanthropic practices and trends toward thriving civil society formation in the country. In order to strategically address human challenges and strengthen civil society in Colombia, a vision of what the civil society landscape looked like was needed. No such system existed in Colombia, and the extent and breadth of the sector was not known. The federal government has no single database that tracks the sector. Therefore, the primary research question for this case study is—What is the size and scope of civil society in Colombia? This dissertation, in good measure, provides the answer. It provides a geographical and taxonomical map of civil society organizations (CSOs) in Colombia. This dissertation also examines how Colombia came to have a thriving civil society sector yet lack a federal registry. Findings show there are 24 federal and capital district registries of different types of civil society. Moreover, each of the 32 departments have registries for health and education and some also register CSOs related to environment, culture, sports, and recreation. Findings from 21 of the 24 federal or district registries and three of the 32 departments reveal a total of 296,467 CSOs. This constitutes an estimate of 98.60 percent of all possible records. There is approximately one CSO for every 163 inhabitants or 61.5 CSOs for every 10,000 inhabitants, giving Colombia the highest number of registered CSOs per capita in the Americas, save the United States. The National Taxonomy of Exempt Entity (NTEE) codes were applied to CSOs, where possible. Findings reveal Colombia has a balanced civil society, with no subsector greater than 33 percent of total CSOs.
The Establishment of Institutional Review Boards in the U.S. Background History
(2021-08-31) Schneider, William H.
Prior to the twentieth century, research ethics were primarily governed by individual conscience and professional codes of conduct. Whether and how humans might be investigated, however, has always been subject to the laws and customs of the society and government at the time. For many reasons, in the second half of the twentieth century, an elaborate set of rules and regulations about research were established by the American government to protect individual and public interests. What follows is a discussion of why federal rules and regulations were established, including the Institutional Review Boards. Originally written April 29, 2005; updated August 31, 2021.
From social hygiene to social health: Indiana and the United States adolescent sex education movement, 1907-1975
(2015) Potter, Angela Bowen; Scarpino, Philip V.; Schneider, William H.; Robertson, Nancy Marie, 1956-
This thesis examines the evolution of the adolescent sex education during from 1907 to 1975, from the perspective of Indiana and highlights the contingencies, continuities, and discontinuities across place and time. This period represents the establishment of the defining characteristics of sex education in Indiana as locally controlled and school-based, as well as the Social Health Association’s transformation from one of a number of local social hygiene organizations to the nation’s only school based social health agency. Indiana was not a local exception to the American sex education movement, but SHA was exceptional for SHA its organizational longevity, adaptation, innovation in school-based curriculum, and national leadership in sex education. Indiana sex education leadership seems, at first glance, incongruous due to Indiana’s conservative politics. SHA’s efforts to adapt the message, curriculum, and operation in Indiana’s conservative climate helped it endure and take leadership role on a national stage. By 1975, sex education came to be defined as school based, locally controlled and based on the medicalization of health, yet this growing national consensus belied deep internal contradictions where sex education was not part of the regular school health curriculum and outside of the schools’ control. Underlying this story is fundamental difference between social hygiene and health, that hygiene is a set of practices to prevent disease, while health is an internal state to promote wellness.
"The History Of Blood Transfusion in Sub-Saharan Africa"
(2010-09-24) Schneider, William H.
Irredentism Redux: The Territorial Conflict between the Italians and South Slavs over Venezia-Giula, 1815-1954
(1998) Schultz, Gary E.; Seregny, Scott J.; Libby, Justin H.; Schneider, William H.
Local Foundations and Medical Research Support in Indianapolis after 1945
(2019-07) Lupton, Suzann Weber; Robertson, Nancy Marie; Badertscher, Katherine E.; Kaefer, Martin; Lenkowsky, Leslie; Schneider, William H.
Philanthropy plays an important and often publicly visible role in modern medicine. Names like Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Gates are associated with medicine both personally and through the foundations they created. This phenomenon also played out on a local level, where communities are dotted with hospitals, university laboratories, and medical schools bearing the names of families who contributed to build, literally and figuratively, the institutions of medical research. Little is known about these local philanthropists, including why they decided to support research and how they organized and carried out the work of grantmaking. Consequently, there is no deep understanding of the value of their contributions. I seek to remedy that omission through this study of the history and work of three small foundations dedicated to medical and scientific research and located in a single, midsized American city. Ultimately this work considers a question fundamental to medical research philanthropy: Can smaller foundations make a meaningful contribution to modern medical research given the scale, complexity, and cost of the work as well as the dominance of federal government funding? This work concludes that the primary value of the foundations under study was not their financial support for research per se, but their flexible and sustained contributions to the local research infrastructure, including philanthropic investments that helped launch research projects and the careers of individual scientists; provided capital for needed physical space; and supported recruiting efforts to bring innovative and productive faculty members to staff new research and patient care departments. The foundations in this study, both individually and collectively, served as valuable strategic allies to the research institutions in their community. As a result, the foundations contributed directly and meaningfully toward the expansion and improvement of the research institutions. The resulting growth in the size and reputation of these programs and facilities generated economic gain that benefitted the broader community. This finding supports a call for the development of a more nuanced and complete understanding of the potential impact that smaller funders can have in a large and complicated system.
"One of the Proudest Achievements:" Organized Birth Control in Indiana, 1870s to 1950s
(2006) Sorensen, Carrie Louise; Coleman, Annie Gilbert; Marcus, Peter S.; Robertson, Nancy Marie; Schneider, William H.
Local birth control advocates often found themselves attempting to open birth control clinics in restrictive climates that did not welcome open discussions of sexuality. To accomplish this, the organizers chose their tactics carefully and followed common strategies. After a few stumbles, organized birth control in many states began in earnest in the 1930s. By 1943, just ten years after its opening, the Indianapolis birth control clinic could boast that it had served 4,531 women and openly solicit funds from the community. The Maternal Health League’s plea on its fundraising brochure assured citizens of their patriotic duty to help. The league reminded Hoosiers, “In War and In Peace a Nation is as Strong as the Health of Its Mothers and Children.” Arguments such as these allowed the clinic to open and assured its existence for many years to come. Indiana birth control organizers relied on specific tactics that allowed them to accomplish their goals in a restrictive Midwestern state. Indiana’s birth control story offers modern-day readers a very different picture than that offered by studies of the national movement of birth control. Indiana offers an account that relies more on cooperation and less on confrontation.
Origins of the HIVs and the AIDS Outbreaks
(2022-04-13) Schneider, William H.
The AIDS pandemic was caused by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M (HIV-1M). It is not widely appreciated that there are three other HIV outbreaks that emerged independently in different regions of Africa during the last century. To date, 13 HIVs have been discovered, but only four of which became major outbreaks to varying degrees. HIV-1M is responsible for 90% of over 35 million deaths, and the other three epidemic HIVs are estimated to have infected from 25,000 to 750,000 people each. A handful of key determinants explain how and why this happened, including human interaction with the simian sources from which the HIVs emerged, but much more important were new ways that people spread the viruses to one another. The latter included population movement and urbanization, changes in sexual relations, war, and above all new medical procedures (unsterile injections and inadequately tested blood transfusions). The emergence of the viruses and their epidemic spread were not the result of a random mutation, but rather depended upon the combination of specific circumstances at different places and times. The AIDS pandemic was not a chance, natural occurrence; it is much more accurately described as a (hu)man-made disaster.

Browsing by Author "Schneider, William H."

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