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Item Essentials of neonatal-perinatal medicine fellowship: scholarship perspective(Springer, 2021-02-17) Bauserman, Melissa; Vasquez, Margarita; Chess, Patricia R.; Carbajal, Melissa; ONTPD Fellowship Directors Writing Group; Good, Misty; Pediatrics, School of MedicineNeonatal-perinatal medicine fellows must achieve a meaningful accomplishment in scholarly activity as part of their training. Despite the requirement for scholarly training in fellowship, there is a vanishingly small number of MD-only physician-scientists pursuing a research-oriented career. Recent neonatal trainees have identified several factors that preclude their careers in research-focused academic neonatology, including lower pay in academic positions, inadequate training in research techniques, and the perception that individuals in research careers have a poor work-life balance. High competition for limited pediatric research funds also contributes to a diminishing pool of physician-scientists in neonatology. This small number of physician-scientists is threatened by a high rate of attrition among physicians who enter this career path. In order to prevent further declines in the number of neonatal physician-scientists, we need improvements in funding and strong intra- and cross-institutional mentorship to foster individuals interested in a career as a physician-scientist.Item Essentials of Neonatal–Perinatal Medicine Fellowship: careers in Neonatal–Perinatal Medicine(Springer Nature, 2022) Trzaski, Jennifer M.; Kiefer, Autumn S.; Myers, Patrick; ONTPD Fellowship Directors Writing Group; Johnston, Lindsay C.; Pediatrics, School of MedicineThe clinical and academic landscape of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine (NPM) is evolving. Career opportunities for neonatologists have been impacted by shifts in compensation and staffing needs in both academic and private settings. The workforce in NPM is changing with respect to age and gender. Recruiting candidates from backgrounds underrepresented in medicine is a priority. Developing flexible positions and ensuring equitable salaries is critically important. Professional niches including administration, education, research, and quality improvement provide many opportunities for scholarly pursuit. Challenges exist in recruiting, mentoring, funding, and retaining physician-scientists in NPM. Creative solutions are necessary to balance the needs of the NPM workforce with the growing numbers, locations, and complexity of patients. Addressing these challenges requires a multi-faceted approach including adapting educational curricula, supporting trainees in finding their niche, identifying novel ways to address work/life integration, and attracting candidates with both diverse backgrounds and academic interests.Item Part 6: Essentials of Neonatal–Perinatal Medicine fellowship: program administration(Springer, 2022) Gillam-Krakauer, Maria; Sharma, Jotishna; Myers, Patrick; ONTPD Fellowship Directors Writing Group; Bonachea, Elizabeth M.; Pediatrics, School of MedicineA successful Neonatal–Perinatal Medicine fellowship (NPM-F) program requires presence and insight of national and institutional supervisory organizations as well as effective program-specific leaders: program director (PD), associate program director (APD), program coordinator (PC), and core faculty. It is becoming more common for PDs and APDs to have advanced training in medical education and conduct medical education research. While NPM-F program leaders benefit from a strong national NPM educator community, they face challenges of increased regulatory burden and unclear national guidelines with variable local interpretation for protected time. National and local organizations can support program leaders and promote their academic success while reducing burnout and turnover by providing leadership training, academic mentoring, and adequate protected time for research and program-specific tasks.